Voltage gated ion channels and TMS plasticity protocols
| Study | Design (n) | Age, yr* | Male, % | Protocol | Drug (dose) | TMS target | Mechanism of action | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy participants, VGCCs | ||||||||
| Weise et al. (57) | C/O (13) | 22.3 ± 3.3 | 46.15 | PAS25 | Nimodipine (30 mg) | M1 | L-type VGCC antagonist | Blocked LTP-like |
| Wolters et al. (42) | C/O (10) | 27.8 ± 5.7 | 55.88 | PAS10 | Nimodipine (30 mg) | M1 | L-type VGCC antagonist | Blocked LTD-like |
| Weise et al. (57) | C/O (13) | 22.3 ± 3.3 | 46.15 | PAS25 PAS5000 | Nimodipine (30 mg) + dextromethorphan (120 mg) | M1 | L-type VGCC antagonist + NMDAR antagonist | No effect on LTP-like |
| Weise et al. (57) | C/O (13) | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 22.73 | PAS25 | Ethosuximide (750 mg) | M1 | T-type VGCC antagonist | Switched LTP-like to LTD-like |
| Heidegger et al. (82) | C/O (10) | 24 ± 6 | 62.5 | PAS(N20)+2ms | Gabapentin (1100 mg) | M1 | Blocks VGCCs (unclear mechanism) | No effect |
| Wankerl et al. (54) | C/O (22) | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 22.73 | cTBS300 | Nimodipine (30 mg) | M1 | L-type VGCC antagonist | Blocked LTP-like |
| Wankerl et al. (54) | C/O (22) | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 22.73 | cTBS300 | Nimodipine (30 mg) + dextromethorphan (120 mg) | M1 | L-type VGCC antagonist + NMDAR antagonist | Blocked LTP-like |
| Wankerl et al. (54) | C/O (20) | 24.4 ± 4.8 | 15 | cTBS300 +/− isometric contraction | Nimodipine (15 mg or 30 mg) | M1 | L-type VGCC antagonist | Low dose (15 mg): no effect on LTP-like without contraction but blocks LTP-like with contraction; high dose (30 mg): blocks LTP-like without contraction and switches to LTD-like with contraction |
| Weise et al. (57) | C/O (16) | 23.1 ± 2.6 | 50 | cTBS300 | Ethosuximide (750 mg) | M1 | T-type VGCC antagonist | Blocked LTP-like |
| Tanaka et al. (90) | C/O (24) | 65.8 ± 2.4 | 50 | QPS5 | Zonisamide (25 mg) | M1 | T-type VGCC | No effect |
| Healthy participants, VGSCs | ||||||||
| Heidegger et al. (82) | C/O (10) | 21–30 | 60 | PAS(N20)+2ms | Lamotrigine (300 mg) | M1 | VGSC antagonist | Reduced LTP-like |
| Heidegger et al. (82) | C/O (10) | 21–30 | 60 | PAS(N20)+2ms | Topiramate (100 mg) | M1 | VGSC antagonist (antagonizes AMPA/ kainite, inhibits carbonic anhydrase) | No effect |
AMPA = α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; C/O = crossover; LTD = long-term depression; LTP = long-term potentiation; M1 = motor cortex; PAS = paired associative stimulation; QPS = quadripulse stimulation; TBS = theta-burst stimulation; TMS = transcranial magnetic stimulation; VGCCs = voltage-gated calcium channels; VGSCs = voltage-gated sodium channels.
↵* Data are presented as either mean ± standard deviation or as a range.