Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Fig. 1
Trajectories of the uncinate fasciculus (Unc. Fas), cingulum and superior longitudinal fasciculus (temporal [SLFT] and parietal [SLFP] projections) of a representative participant.
- Fig. 2
Right uncinate fasciculus tract integrity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma-exposed controls. Average (A) fractional anisotropy and (B) mean diffusivity for male and female patients with PTSD and trauma-exposed controls. Error bars represent standard deviations of the mean. *p < 0.05.
- Fig. 3
Correlations between mean diffusivity (MD) of the right uncinate fasciculus and symptom severity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Correlations between MD of the right uncinate fasciculus and anxiety (Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale [HADS] anxiety subscale) and depression symptoms (HADS depression subscale).
- Fig. 4
Correlations between mean diffusivity (MD) of the right uncinate fasciculus and right amygdala reactivity in response to (A) fearful–angry faces and (B) happy–neutral faces compared with the control condition. Contrast estimates in arbitrary units (a.u.) were extracted from a 5 mm sphere surrounding the peak activation effect in the right amygdala (x, y, z = 24, −10, −14). Correlations between MD of the right uncinate fasciculus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) reactivity in response to (C) fearful–angry faces and (D) happy–neutral faces compared with the control condition. Contrast estimates in arbitrary units were extracted from a 10 mm sphere surrounding the peak activation effect in the vmPFC (x, y, z = 6, 48, −2).
Tables
Characteristic Group; mean ± SD or no. (%) Group differences PTSD (n = 38) Trauma-exposed controls (n = 39) Men Women Men (n = 21) Women (n = 27) Men (n = 20) Women (n = 19) Statistic p value Statistic p value Age, yr 42.29 ± 9.83 38.84 ± 9.70 41.35 ± 10.62 38.06 ± 9.69 t39 = −0.293 0.36 t34 = 0.242 0.81 Length of police service, yr 16.29 ± 10.82 14.19 ± 10.47 18.42 ± 10.05 19.05 ± 9.90 t39 = 0.926 0.36 t34 = 1.692 0.10 Educational level χ2 = 0.928 0.12 χ2 = 0.122 0.73 Low 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Middle 14 (67) 14 (88) 16 (80) 16 (84) High 7 (33) 2 (12) 4 (20) 3 (16) Symptom severity CAPS total score 68.05 ± 15.62 67.35 ± 11.49 4.70 ± 4.79 4.68 ± 4.67 t39 = −17.36 < 0.001 t34 = −21.87 < 0.001 CAPS re-experiencing 20.95 ± 6.45 21.00 ± 5.30 0.70 ± 1.17 1.10 ± 1.97 U < 0.001 < 0.001 U < 0.001 < 0.001 CAPS avoidance 21.57 ± 7.97 22.65 ± 5.65 1.20 ± 2.35 0.68 ± 1.83 U < 0.001 < 0.001 U < 0.001 < 0.001 CAPS hyperarousal 25.71 ± 5.79 23.59 ± 4.37 2.80 ± 3.68 3.00 ± 3.07 U < 0.001 < 0.001 U < 0.001 < 0.001 IES-R total score 44.57 ± 14.51 39.82 ± 23.43 1.10 ± 1.85 1.72 ± 3.41 U < 0.001 < 0.001 U = 4.000 < 0.001 Current comorbidity MDD 4 (19) 4 (24) 0 (0) 0 (0) — — — — Dysthymia 2 (10) 1 (6) 0 (0) 0 (0) — — — — Panic disorder 1 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) — — — — Specific phobia 1 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) — — — — HADS anxiety 11.52 ± 0.71 12.47 ± 1.20 1.60 ± 0.39 3.02 ± 0.42 t39 = −12.19 < 0.001 t34 = −7.41 < 0.001 HADS depression 10.40 ± 1.01 10.01 ± 1.23 0.95 ± 0.35 0.47 ± 0.18 t39 = −9.91 < 0.001 t34 = −12.95 < 0.001 Trauma history and alcohol use PLES No. of work-related traumatic experiences 22.50 ± 5.95 13.47 ± 9.17 20.45 ± 6.42 19.74 ± 7.31 t38 = −1.047 0.30 t34 = 2.279 0.029 No. of violent incidents 9.65 ± 3.45 5.06 ± 4.46 8.30 ± 3.57 6.74 ± 3.63 t38 = −1.215 0.23 t34 = 1.242 0.22 No. of confrontations with tragic incidents 12.85 ± 3.38 8.41 ± 5.32 12.15 ± 3.33 13.00 ± 4.18 t38 = −0.660 0.51 t34 = 2.895 0.007 ETI no. of different childhood traumatic experiences 6.09 ± 4.55 5.12 ± 5.05 3.65 ± 2.35 4.42 ± 4.89 t39 = −2.18 0.037 t34 = −0.457 0.65 AUDIT total score 3.52 ± 3.40 4.06 ± 4.64 3.40 ± 1.67 3.10 ± 1.79 U = 194 0.67 U = 153.50 0.79 AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; ETI = Early Trauma Inventory; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IES-R = Impact of Events Scale – Revised; MDD = major depressive disorder; PLES = Police Life Event Scale; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SD = standard deviation.
Tract FA MD F p value* F p value* Uncinate fasciculus Main effect of group F1,66 = 0.130 0.72 F1,67 = 3.037 0.09 Group × sex interaction F1,66 = 1.209 0.28 F1,67 = 0.000 > 0.99 Hemisphere × group interaction F1,66 = 1.513 0.22 F1,67 = 7.575 0.008 Hemisphere × group × sex interaction† F1,66 = 0.789 0.38 F1,67 = 0.297 0.59 Cingulum bundle Main effect of group F1,68 = 0.521 0.47 F1,67 = 0.269 0.61 Group × sex interaction F1,68 = 0.779 0.38 F1,67 = 0.878 0.35 Hemisphere × group interaction F1,68 = 2.479 0.12 F1,67 = 0.859 0.36 Hemisphere × group × sex interaction F1,69 = 0.327 0.57 F1,67 = 2.802 0.10 Superior longitudinal fasciculus, parietal projections Main effect of group F1,68 = 2.757 0.10 F1,69 = 0.328 0.57 Group × sex interaction F1,68 = 0.090 0.77 F1,69 = 0.037 0.85 Hemisphere × group interaction F1,68 = 0.620 0.43 F1,69 = 0.598 0.44 Hemisphere × group × sex interaction F1,68 = 0.017 0.90 F1,69 = 0.212 0.65 Superior longitudinal fasciculus, temporal projections Main effect of group F1,69 = 2.668 0.11 F1,69 = 1.133 0.29 Group × sex interaction F1,69 = 0.165 0.69 F1,69 = 0.335 0.57 Hemisphere × group interaction F1,69 = 0.096 0.76 F1,69 = 0.742 0.39 Hemisphere × group × sex interaction F1,69 = 0.948 0.33 F1,69 = 0.000 > 0.99 ANOVA = analysis of variance; FA = fractional anisotropy; MD = mean diffusivity.
↵* Results were considered significant for main and interaction effects at p < 0.017.
↵† One-way ANOVA for each hemisphere with group (PTSD – control) and sex (male – female) as between-subject factors (left hemisphere: main effect of group F1,65 = 0.359, p = 0.55; right hemisphere: main effect of group F1,68 = 6.700, p = 0.012; direction: PTSD > controls. For the post hoc test of the group × hemisphere interaction effect, results were considered significant at p < 0.025.
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