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Figures
- Fig. 1
Extended amygdala masks in oblique, left-hemisphere views through a translucent, group-averaged brain. (A) Coronal slice through probabilistic BNST mask thresholded at 50%. (B) A more posterior coronal slice through (maximum probability map) CeA. Visualized with SUMA in AFNI. BNST = bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeA = central nucleus of the amygdala.
- Fig. 2
Connectivity, BNST; patients greater than healthy volunteers. Axial, sagittal and coronal slices. Negative t statistics are blue. Crosshairs at 1 of 3 main prefrontal results (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Cluster-defining threshold p = 0.005, κ = 70, corrected at p < 0.05. Also visualized on the group average of all participants’ nonlinearly normalized structural scans. BNST = bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
- Fig. 3
Parsing the voxel-level maps, patients > healthy volunteers. Correlations extracted from significant clusters are reported in Table 2, with regional abbreviations referencing the same regions. (A) Correlations with BNST. (B) Correlations with CeA. Visualized on the group average of all participants’ nonlinearly normalized structural scans. BNST = bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeA = central nucleus of the amygdala; lIFG = left inferior frontal gyrus; lLatOcc = left lateral occipital cortex; lMFG = left medial frontal gyrus; rLatOcc = right lateral occipital cortex; rMFG = right medial frontal gyrus; rSFG = right superior frontal gyrus; supTempSulc = superior temporal sulcus; rvlPFC = right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.
- Fig. 4
Connectivity, CeA; patients > healthy volunteers. Axial, sagittal and coronal slices. Crosshairs at superior temporal sulcus. Also shown in axial slice is lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Cluster-defining threshold p = 0.005, κ = 70, corrected at p < 0.05. Visualized on the group average of all participants’ nonlinearly normalized structural scans. CeA = central nucleus of the amygdala.
- Fig. 5
Connectivity correlations with patient self-report. (A, B) Correlations between BNST and precuneus/posterior cingulate connectivity and BAI scores in patients. (C, D) Correlations between CeA and medial PFC connectivity and LSAS scores in patients. BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; BNST = bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeA = central nucleus of the amygdala; LSAS = Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; PFC = prefrontal cortex.
Tables
Characteristic Healthy volunteers (n = 30) Patients (n = 30) p value Age, yr 29.51 ± 7.2 29.46 ± 7.8 NS Female, n (%) 22 (73) 22 (73) NS Race, n White 14 19 NS Black 4 6 NS Asian 8 2 NS Hispanic/other 4 3 NS HH SES 46.33 45.04 NS WASI 117.63 117.86 NS GAD diagnosis, n (%) — 8 (27) — SAD diagnosis, n (%) — 8 (27) — Mixed diagnosis, n (%)† — 14 (47) — LSAS (total) 14.67 ± 13.3 70.79 ± 24 < 0.001 STAI‡ 24.57 ± 4.6 41.73 ± 8.2 < 0.001 BAI 1.23 ± 2.2 10.17 ± 7.6 < 0.001 BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; HH SES = Hollingshead Social Economic Status; LSAS = Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; NS = not significant; SAD = social anxiety disorder; STAI = StateTrait Anxiety Inventory; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.
↵* Values are mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated; t tests were 2sample, 2tailed, unequal variance.
↵† GAD + SAD or GAD + SAD + panic disorder (n = 2 for latter).
↵‡ Administered before scanning.
Region MNI coordinates, x, y, z Cluster size in voxels Peak t statistic BNST connectivity Right lateral occipital (BA18) 30.2, −92.1, 14.8 171 −5.1 Right middle frontal gyrus (BA9) 35.2, 31.6, 32.2 156 −5.33 Left middle frontal gyrus (BA6) −48.5, 6.6, 38.5 105 −3.94 Left lateral occipital (BA18) −26, −95.9, 16 85 −4.24 Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA44) −41, 5.4, 24.8 84 −4.1 Right superior frontal gyrus (BA9) 25.2, 44.1, 38.5 74 −4.12 CeA connectivity Right lateral orbitofrontal (BA47) 36.5, 32.9, −17.8 80 4.52 Superior temporal sulcus (BA22) 60.2, −3.4, −15.2 87 4.42 BA = Brodmann area; BNST = bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CeA = central nucleus of the amygdala; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute.
p < 0.005, κ = 70; 2sided, NN = 2, acf corrected.
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