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Research Paper

Hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes vary by sex and traumatic life events in children

Amy S. Badura-Brack, Mackenzie S. Mills, Christine M. Embury, Maya M. Khanna, Alicia Klanecky Earl, Julia M. Stephen, Yu-Ping Wang, Vince D. Calhoun and Tony W. Wilson
J Psychiatry Neurosci July 01, 2020 45 (4) 288-297; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.190013
Amy S. Badura-Brack
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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Mackenzie S. Mills
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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Christine M. Embury
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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Maya M. Khanna
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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Alicia Klanecky Earl
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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Julia M. Stephen
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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Yu-Ping Wang
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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Vince D. Calhoun
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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Tony W. Wilson
From the Department of Psychological Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE (Badura-Brack, Mills, Khanna, Klanecky Earl); the Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE (Embury, Wilson); the Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Embury); the Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM (Stephen, Calhoun); and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (Wang)
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    Fig. 1

    Freesurfer (Desikan–Killiany atlas) map of the amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus.

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    Fig. 2

    Sex × trauma interaction graphs for the left and right hippocampal gyri and left and right parahippocampi. Trauma level is on the x-axes, and girls and boys are represented by separate lines. The y-axes show regional volumes (mm3) corrected by total intracranial volume (mm3) to control for individual differences in brain size and allow for appropriate comparisons between girls and boys. Covariates appearing in the model are evaluated at age = 11.94, site = 1.51. Error bars are set at ± 2 standard errors, denoting 95% confidence intervals.

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    Table 1

    Traumatic life experiences by trauma group*

    Traumatic eventHigh trauma, n (%)Low trauma, n (%)
    Death of a loved one26 (72.2)81 (59.6)
    Hit, punched, or kicked very hard24 (66.7)18 (13.2)
    Saw or heard about a violent death or serious injury24 (66.7)24 (17.6)
    Saw someone assaulted, shot at, or killed24 (66.7)24 (17.6)
    Saw a family member hit, punched, or kicked17 (47.2)3 (2.2)
    Victim of community violence11 (30.6)5 (3.7)
    Painful or scary medical treatment10 (27.8)7 (5.1)
    Disaster8 (22.2)10 (7.4)
    Serious accident7 (19.4)6 (4.4)
    Saw a dead body5 (13.9)4 (2.9)
    War1 (2.8)0 (0.0)
    Other31 (86.1)30 (22.1)
    • ↵* High trauma group, n = 36 children; low trauma group, n = 136 children.

    • View popup
    Table 2

    Regional volumes normalized by total intracranial volume

    Brain regionSexTrauma groupChildren, nMean volume ± SD, mm3
    Left amygdalaFLow700.0011 ± 0.00013
    High150.0011 ± 0.00012
    MLow660.0010 ± 0.00011
    High210.0010 ± 0.00012
    Right amygdalaFLow700.0011 ± 0.00012
    High150.0011 ± 0.00014
    MLow660.0011 ± 0.00011
    High210.0010 ± 0.00012
    Left hippocampusFLow700.0028 ± 0.00035
    High150.0030 ± 0.00024
    MLow660.0027 ± 0.00031
    High210.0025 ± 0.00037
    Right hippocampusFLow700.0029 ± 0.00028
    High150.0030 ± 0.00019
    MLow660.0028 ± 0.00023
    High210.0027 ± 0.00031
    Left parahippocampal gyrusFLow700.0018 ± 0.00032
    High150.0020 ± 0.00031
    MLow660.0018 ± 0.00033
    High210.0016 ± 0.00032
    Right parahippocampal gyrusFLow700.0016 ± 0.00026
    High150.0019 ± 0.00027
    MLow660.0016 ± 0.00019
    High210.0015 ± 0.00022
    Total intracranial volumeFTotal851 447 728.59 ± 117 262.98
    MTotal871 595 890.80 ± 125 375.65
    • F = female; M = male; SD = standard deviation.

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Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience: 45 (4)
J Psychiatry Neurosci
Vol. 45, Issue 4
1 Jul 2020
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Hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes vary by sex and traumatic life events in children
Amy S. Badura-Brack, Mackenzie S. Mills, Christine M. Embury, Maya M. Khanna, Alicia Klanecky Earl, Julia M. Stephen, Yu-Ping Wang, Vince D. Calhoun, Tony W. Wilson
J Psychiatry Neurosci Jul 2020, 45 (4) 288-297; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190013

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Hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes vary by sex and traumatic life events in children
Amy S. Badura-Brack, Mackenzie S. Mills, Christine M. Embury, Maya M. Khanna, Alicia Klanecky Earl, Julia M. Stephen, Yu-Ping Wang, Vince D. Calhoun, Tony W. Wilson
J Psychiatry Neurosci Jul 2020, 45 (4) 288-297; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190013
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