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Research Paper
Open Access

Brain cortical and subcortical morphology in adolescents with depression and a history of suicide attempt

Anthony J. Gifuni, M. Mallar Chakravarty, Martin Lepage, Tiffany C. Ho, Marie-Claude Geoffroy, Eric Lacourse, Ian H. Gotlib, Gustavo Turecki, Johanne Renaud and Fabrice Jollant
J Psychiatry Neurosci May 01, 2021 46 (3) E347-E357; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.200198
Anthony J. Gifuni
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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M. Mallar Chakravarty
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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Martin Lepage
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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Tiffany C. Ho
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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Marie-Claude Geoffroy
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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Eric Lacourse
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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Ian H. Gotlib
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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Gustavo Turecki
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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Johanne Renaud
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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Fabrice Jollant
From the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Geoffroy, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Chakravarty, Lepage, Turecki, Renaud, Jollant); the Manulife Centre for Breakthroughs in Teen Depression and Suicide Prevention, Montréal, Canada (Gifuni, Renaud); the Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA (Gifuni, Gotlib); the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA (Ho); the Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada (Geoffroy); the Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada (Lacourse); the Université de Paris, Paris, France (Jollant); the GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Jollant); and the Academic Hospital (CHU) Nîmes, Nîmes, France (Jollant)
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    Fig. 1

    Group differences in cortical surface area (left) and subcortical volume (right). A–C: within-group analyses; D–E: between-group comparisons. FDR = false discovery rate.

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    Fig. 2

    Regional correlations between age and cortical thickness and group comparisons for the interaction between age and subcortical volumes. A–C: within-group analyses; D–E: between-group comparisons.

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    Table 1

    Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 3 groups

    CharacteristicGroup*†Group comparison
    Patients with a history of suicide attempt (n = 28)Patient controls (n = 34)Healthy controls (n = 30)χ2/ Fp valuePost hoc
    Female24 (86)27 (79)22 (73)χ22 = 1.40.5—
    Age, yr16.2 ± 1.016.1 ± 1.515.4 ± 1.3F2,89 = 3.30.04—
    Race/ethnicity
     Asian< 5< 5< 5χ22 = 0.30.9
     Black< 50< 5χ22 = 5.80.06
     White21 (75)26 (76)21 (70)χ22 = 0.40.8
     Indigenous< 56 (18)< 5χ22 = 4.00.1
     Latin0< 5< 5χ22 = 2.40.3
     Multiethnic< 5< 50χ22 = 2.00.4
    Parental education‡
     Elementary school7 (25)3 (9)0 (0)χ22 = 12.30.002Patients with a history of suicide attempt > patient controls, healthy controls
     High school5 (18)6 (18)6 (20)χ22 = 0.11.0
     College4 (14)3 (9)6 (20)χ22 = 2.50.3
     University12 (43)22 (65)17 (57)χ22 = 2.70.3
    IQ score§102.3 ± 15.9108.4 ± 13.7110.5 ± 13.0F2,91 = 2.30.1—
    Beck Depression Scale II score30.1 ± 12.924.8 ± 12.56.0 ± 6.0F2,91 = 39.5< 0.001Patients with a history of suicide attempt, patient controls > healthy controls
    Psychiatric diagnosis/history
     Major depressive disorder14 (50)25 (74)—χ21 = 3.60.06—
     Dysthymia5 (18)7 (21)—χ21 = 0.10.8—
     Depressive disorder not otherwise specified10 (36)4 (12)—χ21 = 5.00.03Patients with a history of suicide attempt > patient controls
     Anxiety disorder/post-traumatic stress disorder12 (43)17 (50)—χ21 = 0.60.43—
     Eating disorder< 5< 5—χ21 = 0.10.8—
     Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder9 (32)4 (12)—χ21 = 1.80.2—
     Nonsuicidal self-injury, lifetime history24 (86)22 (65)—χ21 = 0.50.5
    Psychotropic medication
     Antidepressant14 (50)21 (62)—χ21 = 0.40.5—
     Mood stabilizer< 5< 5—χ21 = 0.020.9—
     Low-dose neuroleptic11 (39)9 (26)—χ21 = 1.20.3—
     Benzodiazepine< 5< 5—χ21 = 0.020.9—
     Stimulant8 (29)< 5—χ21 = 5.80.02Patients with a history of suicide attempt > patient controls
    • Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. Findings were significant at p < 0.05.

    • ↵* Patients with a history of suicide attempt had a depressive disorder and a history of suicide attempt; patient controls had a depressive disorder but no history of suicide attempt; healthy controls had no had no psychiatric disorder and no history of suicide attempt.

    • ↵† Populations of fewer than 5 have been rounded to protect patient privacy.

    • ↵‡ One value was missing for a healthy control case.

    • ↵§ Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

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Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience: 46 (3)
J Psychiatry Neurosci
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1 May 2021
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Brain cortical and subcortical morphology in adolescents with depression and a history of suicide attempt
Anthony J. Gifuni, M. Mallar Chakravarty, Martin Lepage, Tiffany C. Ho, Marie-Claude Geoffroy, Eric Lacourse, Ian H. Gotlib, Gustavo Turecki, Johanne Renaud, Fabrice Jollant
J Psychiatry Neurosci May 2021, 46 (3) E347-E357; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200198

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Brain cortical and subcortical morphology in adolescents with depression and a history of suicide attempt
Anthony J. Gifuni, M. Mallar Chakravarty, Martin Lepage, Tiffany C. Ho, Marie-Claude Geoffroy, Eric Lacourse, Ian H. Gotlib, Gustavo Turecki, Johanne Renaud, Fabrice Jollant
J Psychiatry Neurosci May 2021, 46 (3) E347-E357; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200198
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