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Open Access

Updated and rectified meta-analysis shows no effect of propranolol versus placebo on traumatic memory reconsolidation disruption

Serge A. Steenen, Roos van Westrhenen, Jan de Lange and Ad de Jongh
J Psychiatry Neurosci September 21, 2022 47 (5) E336-E337; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.220072-l
Serge A. Steenen
From the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/Academic Center for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Steenen, de Lange); the Department of Oral Public Health, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Steenen, de Jongh); the Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (van Westrhenen); the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands (van Westrhenen); the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, UK (van Westrhenen); the Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK (de Jongh); the School of Psychology, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland (de Jongh)
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Roos van Westrhenen
From the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/Academic Center for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Steenen, de Lange); the Department of Oral Public Health, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Steenen, de Jongh); the Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (van Westrhenen); the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands (van Westrhenen); the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, UK (van Westrhenen); the Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK (de Jongh); the School of Psychology, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland (de Jongh)
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Jan de Lange
From the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/Academic Center for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Steenen, de Lange); the Department of Oral Public Health, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Steenen, de Jongh); the Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (van Westrhenen); the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands (van Westrhenen); the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, UK (van Westrhenen); the Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK (de Jongh); the School of Psychology, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland (de Jongh)
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Ad de Jongh
From the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/Academic Center for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Steenen, de Lange); the Department of Oral Public Health, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Steenen, de Jongh); the Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (van Westrhenen); the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands (van Westrhenen); the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, UK (van Westrhenen); the Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK (de Jongh); the School of Psychology, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland (de Jongh)
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A recent meta-analysis published in JPN, and new data on administration of propranolol to patients with psychotrauma-related conditions, raise a number of concerns that we would like to share with the readers. Pigeon and colleagues1 performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of therapeutic approaches based on reconsolidation interference theory, in the hope for a paradigm shift in the treatment of mental disorders that have an emotional memory at their core. The authors included 14 experimental studies in healthy adults and 12 randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs). A pooled analysis of the included clinical trials showed that, compared with placebo, reconsolidation impairment under propranolol alleviated psychiatric symptoms and reduced cue-elicited reactivity (g = −0.42, p = 0.01). Accordingly, the authors concluded that propranolol’s clinical use is promising and deserves further controlled investigation.1

We argue that Pigeon and colleagues’ results and conclusions are affected by limitations in methodology and that their conclusions are incorrect in the context of propranolol’s effects on psychotrauma-related symptomatology. First, although the authors assessed publication bias and searched for unpublished work,1 they seem to have missed 3 unpublished trials that may have increased the risk of publication bias.2 These 3 trials were identified on ClincalTrials.gov (NCT00645450, NCT01055171) and Google Scholar (W81XWH-08–1-0491) in a very recent and highly similar meta-analysis involving posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) studies specifically.3 Second, the authors failed to report risk of bias summary figures (Figure 1), and in their pooled analysis of clinical studies they included 2 trials in which physiologic response, instead of clinical symptom severity, was the primary outcome measure. Third, 5 studies involving substance dependence and abuse were included, disorders which, in the context of emotional memory, clearly have mechanistically different etiologies from disorders related to psychological trauma.8 To ensure that the value of propranolol for the health care field has been estimated correctly, we re-analyzed the data on which Pigeon and colleagues based their conclusions. We found that, if their pooled analysis of clinical studies had been restricted to low-risk-of-bias RCTs into psychotrauma-related symptomatology,6 the pooled analysis would have shown that propranolol was not statistically significantly superior to placebo (Figure 1). Moreover, if the pooled analysis is supplemented with missed and new trials,9,10 the 95 % confidence interval of the pooled mean difference is even wider (Figure 2).

Figure 1
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Figure 1

Forest plot of rectified pooled analysis: propranolol versus placebo in psychotrauma-related conditions (outcome: Hedges g for symptom severity reduction). CI = confidence interval; IV = inverse variance; SE = standard error.

Figure 2
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Figure 2

Forest plot of rectified pooled analysis, updated with new and missed studies: propranolol versus placebo in psychotrauma-related conditions (outcome: Hedges g for symptom severity reduction). CI = confidence interval; IV = inverse variance; SE = standard error.

The current state of affairs in the field of clinical application of propranolol for trauma-related conditions, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, does not fully support the notion that use of propranolol in the impairment of traumatic memory reconsolidation is beneficial. In our view, it seems that modesty is called for in interpreting results of studies suggesting that debilitating problems might be solved with some tablets of propranolol. If we face the complexities of memory reconsolidation, we still have a long way to go.

Footnotes

  • Competing interests: None declared.

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original publication is properly cited, the use is noncommercial (i.e., research or educational use), and no modifications or adaptations are made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

References

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    1. Pigeon S,
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    4. et al
    . Impairing memory reconsolidation with propranolol in healthy and clinical samples : a meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2022;47:E109–22.
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    . Effects of propranolol on the modification of trauma memory reconsolidation in PTSD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2022;150:246–56.
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    . Reduction of PTSD symptoms with pre-reactivation propranolol therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2018;175:427–33.
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    . Traumatic memory reactivation with or without propranolol for PTSD and comorbid MD symptoms: a randomised clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021;46:1643–9.
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    . Placebo and non-specific effects in reconsolidation-based treatment for arachnophobia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:775770.
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    1. Steenen SA,
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    3. van Westrhenen R,
    4. et al
    . Perioperative propranolol against dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry 2022;13:842353.
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    . Using propranolol to block memory reconsolidation in female veterans with PTSD. Fort Detrick (MD): Army Medical Research and Materiel Command; 2015. Available: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1005283.pdf (accessed 2022 May 30).
    1. Orr SP
    . PTSD symptom reduction by propranolol given after memory activation. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00645450; 2019. Available: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00645450 (accessed 2022 May 30).
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Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience: 47 (5)
J Psychiatry Neurosci
Vol. 47, Issue 5
25 Oct 2022
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Updated and rectified meta-analysis shows no effect of propranolol versus placebo on traumatic memory reconsolidation disruption
Serge A. Steenen, Roos van Westrhenen, Jan de Lange, Ad de Jongh
J Psychiatry Neurosci Sep 2022, 47 (5) E336-E337; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.220072-l

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Updated and rectified meta-analysis shows no effect of propranolol versus placebo on traumatic memory reconsolidation disruption
Serge A. Steenen, Roos van Westrhenen, Jan de Lange, Ad de Jongh
J Psychiatry Neurosci Sep 2022, 47 (5) E336-E337; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.220072-l
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