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Figures
- Figure 1
Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) observed using functionally defined thalamic seeds. Yeo’s 7 resting-state-network parcellation atlas was used to define the thalamic seeds. (A) Reduced thalamic functional connectivity in youth with ADHD compared to healthy controls using the dorsal attention thalamic seed. (B, C) Correlation between thalamic functional connectivity and scores on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) in youth with ADHD using the somatomotor thalamic seed and the default mode thalamic seed. (D) Interaction effect between thalamic functional connectivity and diagnosis of ADHD on ADHD-RS inattention (IA) score using the somatomotor thalamic seed. Results are displayed at pFWE < 0.05, corrected at the cluster level across the whole brain, with a cluster-defining threshold of p < 0.001, uncorrected. (E, F) Scatter plots showing the relationship between ADHD-RS scores and connectivity signals extracted from the significant clusters (pFWE < 0.05, corrected for small volume). FWE = family-wise error; HI = hyperactivity/impulsivity.
- Figure 2
Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) observed using anatomically defined thalamic seeds. We used the AAL3 atlas to define the thalamic seeds. (A) Reduced thalamic functional connectivity in youth with ADHD compared to healthy controls using the mediodorsal thalamic seed. Results are displayed at pFWE < 0.05, corrected at the cluster level across the whole brain, with a cluster-defining threshold of p < 0.001, uncorrected. (B) Correlation between thalamic functional connectivity and ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) inattention (IA) score in youth with ADHD using the mediodorsal thalamic seed. (C) Correlation between thalamic functional connectivity and ADHD-RS hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) score in youth with ADHD using the lateral geniculate thalamic seed. (D) Interaction effect between thalamic functional connectivity and diagnosis of ADHD on ADHD-RS IA score using the mediodorsal thalamic seed. (B–D) Results are displayed at the voxel level p < 0.001, uncorrected for visualization. (E, F) Scatter plots showing the relationship between ADHD-RS scores and connectivity signals extracted from the significant clusters (pFWE < 0.05, corrected for small volume). FWE = family-wise error.
Tables
Characteristic ADHD
n = 53Control
n = 53p value Age, yr 12.56 ± 2.00 12.44 ± 1.53 0.74 Female 4 (7.5) 4 (7.5) > 0.99 IQ Verbal 115.06 ± 15.22 115.51 ± 13.83 0.87 Performance 100.30 ± 13.47 107.77 ± 14.86 0.008 Full-scale 109.21 ± 12.32 113.26 ± 13.88 0.12 ADHD-RS Inattention score 28.04 ± 3.77 15.78 ± 3.97 < 0.001 Hyperactivity/impulsivity score 22.20 ± 6.48 12.47 ± 2.89 < 0.001 Total score 50.24 ± 9.03 28.25 ± 5.87 < 0.001 Head motion parameters Maximum motion, mm 1.14 ± 0.73 1.15 ± 0.96 0.93 Maximum motion, time point 188.30 ± 46.67 201.00 ± 37.70 0.13 Maximum rotation, degree 1.03 ± 0.73 1.02 ± 1.17 0.97 Maximum rotation, time point 175.04 ± 61.20 187.89 ± 55.77 0.26 Maximum translation, x axis, mm 0.10 ± 0.32 0.16 ± 0.34 0.39 Maximum translation, y axis, mm −0.25 ± 0.48 −0.42 ± 0.53 0.09 Maximum translation, z axis, mm 0.17 ± 1.10 0.09 ± 1.24 0.73 Maximum roll rotation, degree 0.07 ± 0.33 0.06 ± 0.32 0.82 Maximum pitch rotation, degree −0.01 ± 1.01 −0.08 ± 1.11 0.74 Maximum yaw rotation, degree 0.14 ± 0.51 0.16 ± 0.43 0.81 Mean root mean square, mm 0.50 ± 0.29 0.50 ± 0.35 0.96 Mean frame-wise displacement, mm 0.14 ± 0.06 0.13 ± 0.09 0.38 Mean DVARS 28.29 ± 3.54 27.07 ± 4.59 0.13 ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-RS = ADHD Rating Scale.
↵* Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%). No observations were missing except for the ADHD-RS scores, which were available for 49 patients with ADHD and 48 control participants.
- Table 2
Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with ADHD based on functionally defined thalamic seeds*
Functional connectivity Peak coordinates, x, y, z Statistics KE, voxels Z p value ADHD < controls Dorsal attention thalamocortical network (small-volume correction) −36, −56, 54 24 3.77 0.011 Dorsal attention thalamocortical network (small-volume correction) 12, −52, 54 20 4.24 0.018 Dorsal attention thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis) −36, −56, 54 33 3.77 0.040 Dorsal attention thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis) 12, −52, 54 34 4.24 0.036 Negative correlation with IA score in ADHD Somatomotor thalamocortical network (small-volume correction) 56, −12, 22 47 4.09 0.001 Somatomotor thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis) 44, −4, 42 117 4.56 < 0.001 Negative correlation with HI score in ADHD Default mode thalamocortical network (small-volume correction) −56, −52, 26 20 4.73 0.030 Default mode thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis) −56, −52, 26 39 4.73 0.018 Interaction effect (connectivity × diagnosis) on IA score Somatomotor thalamocortical network (small-volume correction) 52, −16, 22 56 4.45 < 0.001 Somatomotor thalamocortical network (small-volume correction) 52, −4, 42 14 3.67 0.045 Somatomotor thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis) 48, −40, 18 92 4.63 < 0.001 Somatomotor thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis) 44, −4, 42 54 4.75 0.004 ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FWE = family-wise error; HI = hyperactivity/impulsivity; IA = inattention; KE = cluster extent.
↵* Positive and negative x coordinates indicate right and left hemispheres, respectively. Results are displayed with a cluster-defining threshold of pFWE < 0.05.
- Table 3
Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with ADHD based on anatomically defined thalamic seeds*
Functional connectivity Peak coordinates, x, y, z Statistics KE, voxels Z p value ADHD < controls Mediodorsal thalamus to visual network (small-volume correction) −12, −64, 18 22 3.87 0.018 Mediodorsal thalamus to visual network (small-volume correction) 8, −56, 6 16 3.55 0.040 Mediodorsal thalamus to default mode network (small-volume correction) −12, −56, 10 21 4.03 0.031 Mediodorsal thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis) −12, −56, 10 50 4.03 0.008 Positive correlation with IA score in ADHD Mediodorsal thalamus to dorsal attention network (small-volume correction) −28, −72, 30 15 4.11 0.034 Positive correlation with HI score in ADHD Lateral geniculate thalamus to frontoparietal network (small-volume correction) 20, 60, −2 19 4.61 0.021 Interaction effect (connectivity × diagnosis) on IA score Mediodorsal thalamus to dorsal attention network (small-volume correction) 32, −64, 30 17 4.53 0.027 ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FWE = family-wise error; HI = hyperactivity/impulsivity; IA = inattention; KE = cluster extent.
↵* Positive and negative x coordinates indicate right and left hemispheres, respectively. Results are displayed with a cluster-defining threshold of pFWE < 0.05.
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