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Research Paper
Open Access

Thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Soon-Beom Hong
J Psychiatry Neurosci February 16, 2023 48 (1) E50-E60; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.220109
Soon-Beom Hong
From the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; the Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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    Figure 1

    Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) observed using functionally defined thalamic seeds. Yeo’s 7 resting-state-network parcellation atlas was used to define the thalamic seeds. (A) Reduced thalamic functional connectivity in youth with ADHD compared to healthy controls using the dorsal attention thalamic seed. (B, C) Correlation between thalamic functional connectivity and scores on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) in youth with ADHD using the somatomotor thalamic seed and the default mode thalamic seed. (D) Interaction effect between thalamic functional connectivity and diagnosis of ADHD on ADHD-RS inattention (IA) score using the somatomotor thalamic seed. Results are displayed at pFWE < 0.05, corrected at the cluster level across the whole brain, with a cluster-defining threshold of p < 0.001, uncorrected. (E, F) Scatter plots showing the relationship between ADHD-RS scores and connectivity signals extracted from the significant clusters (pFWE < 0.05, corrected for small volume). FWE = family-wise error; HI = hyperactivity/impulsivity.

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    Figure 2

    Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) observed using anatomically defined thalamic seeds. We used the AAL3 atlas to define the thalamic seeds. (A) Reduced thalamic functional connectivity in youth with ADHD compared to healthy controls using the mediodorsal thalamic seed. Results are displayed at pFWE < 0.05, corrected at the cluster level across the whole brain, with a cluster-defining threshold of p < 0.001, uncorrected. (B) Correlation between thalamic functional connectivity and ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) inattention (IA) score in youth with ADHD using the mediodorsal thalamic seed. (C) Correlation between thalamic functional connectivity and ADHD-RS hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) score in youth with ADHD using the lateral geniculate thalamic seed. (D) Interaction effect between thalamic functional connectivity and diagnosis of ADHD on ADHD-RS IA score using the mediodorsal thalamic seed. (B–D) Results are displayed at the voxel level p < 0.001, uncorrected for visualization. (E, F) Scatter plots showing the relationship between ADHD-RS scores and connectivity signals extracted from the significant clusters (pFWE < 0.05, corrected for small volume). FWE = family-wise error.

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    Table 1

    Participant characteristics*

    CharacteristicADHD
    n = 53
    Control
    n = 53
    p value
    Age, yr12.56 ± 2.0012.44 ± 1.530.74
    Female4 (7.5)4 (7.5)> 0.99
    IQ
     Verbal115.06 ± 15.22115.51 ± 13.830.87
     Performance100.30 ± 13.47107.77 ± 14.860.008
     Full-scale109.21 ± 12.32113.26 ± 13.880.12
    ADHD-RS
     Inattention score28.04 ± 3.7715.78 ± 3.97< 0.001
     Hyperactivity/impulsivity score22.20 ± 6.4812.47 ± 2.89< 0.001
     Total score50.24 ± 9.0328.25 ± 5.87< 0.001
    Head motion parameters
     Maximum motion, mm1.14 ± 0.731.15 ± 0.960.93
     Maximum motion, time point188.30 ± 46.67201.00 ± 37.700.13
     Maximum rotation, degree1.03 ± 0.731.02 ± 1.170.97
     Maximum rotation, time point175.04 ± 61.20187.89 ± 55.770.26
     Maximum translation, x axis, mm0.10 ± 0.320.16 ± 0.340.39
     Maximum translation, y axis, mm−0.25 ± 0.48−0.42 ± 0.530.09
     Maximum translation, z axis, mm0.17 ± 1.100.09 ± 1.240.73
     Maximum roll rotation, degree0.07 ± 0.330.06 ± 0.320.82
     Maximum pitch rotation, degree−0.01 ± 1.01−0.08 ± 1.110.74
     Maximum yaw rotation, degree0.14 ± 0.510.16 ± 0.430.81
     Mean root mean square, mm0.50 ± 0.290.50 ± 0.350.96
     Mean frame-wise displacement, mm0.14 ± 0.060.13 ± 0.090.38
     Mean DVARS28.29 ± 3.5427.07 ± 4.590.13
    • ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-RS = ADHD Rating Scale.

    • ↵* Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%). No observations were missing except for the ADHD-RS scores, which were available for 49 patients with ADHD and 48 control participants.

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    Table 2

    Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with ADHD based on functionally defined thalamic seeds*

    Functional connectivityPeak coordinates, x, y, zStatistics
    KE, voxelsZp value
    ADHD < controls
     Dorsal attention thalamocortical network (small-volume correction)−36, −56, 54243.770.011
     Dorsal attention thalamocortical network (small-volume correction)12, −52, 54204.240.018
     Dorsal attention thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis)−36, −56, 54333.770.040
     Dorsal attention thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis)12, −52, 54344.240.036
    Negative correlation with IA score in ADHD
     Somatomotor thalamocortical network (small-volume correction)56, −12, 22474.090.001
     Somatomotor thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis)44, −4, 421174.56< 0.001
    Negative correlation with HI score in ADHD
     Default mode thalamocortical network (small-volume correction)−56, −52, 26204.730.030
     Default mode thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis)−56, −52, 26394.730.018
    Interaction effect (connectivity × diagnosis) on IA score
     Somatomotor thalamocortical network (small-volume correction)52, −16, 22564.45< 0.001
     Somatomotor thalamocortical network (small-volume correction)52, −4, 42143.670.045
     Somatomotor thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis)48, −40, 18924.63< 0.001
     Somatomotor thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis)44, −4, 42544.750.004
    • ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FWE = family-wise error; HI = hyperactivity/impulsivity; IA = inattention; KE = cluster extent.

    • ↵* Positive and negative x coordinates indicate right and left hemispheres, respectively. Results are displayed with a cluster-defining threshold of pFWE < 0.05.

    • View popup
    Table 3

    Altered thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with ADHD based on anatomically defined thalamic seeds*

    Functional connectivityPeak coordinates, x, y, zStatistics
    KE, voxelsZp value
    ADHD < controls
     Mediodorsal thalamus to visual network (small-volume correction)−12, −64, 18223.870.018
     Mediodorsal thalamus to visual network (small-volume correction)8, −56, 6163.550.040
     Mediodorsal thalamus to default mode network (small-volume correction)−12, −56, 10214.030.031
     Mediodorsal thalamic seed (whole-brain analysis)−12, −56, 10504.030.008
    Positive correlation with IA score in ADHD
     Mediodorsal thalamus to dorsal attention network (small-volume correction)−28, −72, 30154.110.034
    Positive correlation with HI score in ADHD
     Lateral geniculate thalamus to frontoparietal network (small-volume correction)20, 60, −2194.610.021
    Interaction effect (connectivity × diagnosis) on IA score
     Mediodorsal thalamus to dorsal attention network (small-volume correction)32, −64, 30174.530.027
    • ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FWE = family-wise error; HI = hyperactivity/impulsivity; IA = inattention; KE = cluster extent.

    • ↵* Positive and negative x coordinates indicate right and left hemispheres, respectively. Results are displayed with a cluster-defining threshold of pFWE < 0.05.

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Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience: 48 (1)
J Psychiatry Neurosci
Vol. 48, Issue 1
21 Feb 2023
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Thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Soon-Beom Hong
J Psychiatry Neurosci Feb 2023, 48 (1) E50-E60; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.220109

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Thalamocortical functional connectivity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Soon-Beom Hong
J Psychiatry Neurosci Feb 2023, 48 (1) E50-E60; DOI: 10.1503/jpn.220109
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