Neuroimaging studies of the cerebellum in schizophrenia
| Study | Subjects | Procedure | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structure | |||
| Weinberger et al (27) | 35 SZFE, 17 SZC, 23 AD, 27 OP, 26 HC | CT | Cb atrophy 12% (SZC), 9% (AD) >> OP, SZFE, HC |
| Nasrallah et al (26) | 55 SZ, 24 BPM, 27 HC | CT | Cb atrophy: BPM > SZ > HC |
| Lippmann et al (28) | 54 SZ, 18 BPV, 79 HC | CT | CbV: SZ, BPV < HC |
| Yates et al (29) | 108 SZ, 50 AD, 74 HC | CT | No differences noted in CbV, CbH or CbT |
| Uematsu and Kaiya (30) | 40 SZ, 17 HC | MRI | No differences, but CbV size predicted response |
| Nasrallah et al (31) | 30 SZ | MRI | ⇓ CbV associated with perinatal brain injury |
| DeLisi et al (32) | 50 SZ, 20 HC | MRI | ⇑ rate of shrinkage of R CbH (SZ v. HC) |
| Nopoulos et al (33) | 65 SZ, 65 HC | MRI | ⇓ CbV (SZ v. HC) |
| Levitt et al (34) | 15 SZ, 15 HC | MRI | ⇑ CbV (SZ v. HC) |
| Ichimiya et al (35) | 20 SZNN, 20 HC | MRI | ⇓ CbV (SZNN v. HC) |
| Barak et al (36) | 21 VLOSZ, 21 HC | CT | ⇑ Cb atrophy (VLOSZ v. HC) |
| Okugawa et al (37) | 30 SZC, 18 HC | MRI | ⇓ CbV (SZC v. HC) in men only |
| Suzuki et al (38) | 45 SZ, 42 HC | MRI | ⇑ Cb GM (SZ v. HC) |
| Keller et al (39) | 50 SZ, 50 HC | MRI | ⇑ loss of CbT during adolescence (SZ v. HC) |
| Function: challenge | |||
| Andreasen et al (2) | 14 SZ, 13 HC | 15O PET | PFC-Th-Cb network visible for HC, absent for SZ |
| Crespo-Facorro et al (40) | 14 SZ, 13 HC | 15O PET | Novel memory task: ⇓ CbT (SZ v. HC) Recalling practised words: ⇓ L CbH (SZ v.HC) |
| Riehemann et al (41) | 9 SZNN, 9 HC | fMRI | Wisconsin Card Sorting: ⇓ Cb (SZNN v. HC) |
| Meyer-Lindenberg et al (42) | 13 SZMF, 13 HC | fMRI | Working memory activation: CbT, PHc (SZMF) v. dlPFC, ACC (HC) |
| Kumari et al (43) | 6 SZ, 6 HC | fMRI | Procedural learning: Cb activated in HC, but not in SZ |
| Function: rest | |||
| Loeber et al (44) | 10 HC, 10 BPV, 10 SZ | DSC fMRI | CbT blood volume: BPV > HC > SZ |
| Kim et al (45) | 30 SZ, 30 HC | 15O PET | CbT CBF: SZ > HC |
| Miller et al (46) | 30 SZMF ⇒ SZAA* | 15O PET | With risperidone: ⇑ CbT |
| Stephan et al (47) | 6 SZMF ⇒ SZAA,* 6 HC | fMRI | With olanzapine: ⇑ R CbH (SZAA) |
Note: ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; AD = affective disorders; BPM = bipolar disorder — manic; BPV = bipolar disorder — varied (all phases of illness); Cb = cerebellum; CBF = cerebral blood flow; CbH = cerebellum hemisphere; CbT = cerebellum total; CbV = cerebellum vermis; CT = computed tomography; dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DSC-fMRI = dynamic susceptibility contrast fMRI; fMRI = functional MRI; GM = gray matter; HC = healthy control; L = left; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; OP = psychiatric disorder, not affective, not schizophrenic; PET = positron emission tomography; PFC = prefrontal cortex; PHc = parahippocampal cortex; R = right; SZ = schizophrenia; SZAA = schizophrenia — treated with atypical antipsychotic; SZC = schizophrenia — chronic; SZFE = schizophreniform — first episode; SZMF = schizophrenic — medication free; SZNN = schizophrenic — neuroleptic naïve; Th = thalamus; VLOSZ = very late onset schizophrenia.
↵* Patients were scanned twice, first when medication free, then while undergoing treatment with atypical antipsychotics.