Table 1

Methods of studies examining scanpath behaviour in individuals with schizophrenia

Study	Schizophrenia group, no. and type	Comparison group	Stimuli	Task^†
Benson et al. (36)^*	11 paranoid	22 healthy controls 6 cannabis-induced psychosis	Faces, landscapes, fractals	Free-viewing
Bestelmeyer et al. (37)^*	22	37 healthy controls 19 bipolar disorder	Faces, fractals, landscapes, noise	Free-viewing
De Wilde et al. (60)^*	50	36 healthy controls 23 siblings^‡	Images from Thematic Apperception Test	Thematic Apperception Test
Gaebel et al. (83)	20	20 healthy controls	Drawings depicting proverbs	Free-viewing
Green et al. (39)^*	24	26 healthy controls	Faces (context-free and context-embedded)	“Decide what the person is feeling or thinking”
Green et al. (38)^*	11 deluded 8 nondeluded	22 healthy controls	Faces	“Think about how the person seems to be feeling”
Hori et al. (40)^*	37	36 healthy controls	Rorschach stimuli	Eye movements recorded during free response period in Rorschach test
Kojima et al. (49)	105	50 healthy controls 30 unipolar depression 28 amphetamine psychosis 50 epilepsy	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Kojima et al. (46)^*	25	25 healthy controls 25 unipolar depression 10 obsessive–compulsive disorder	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Kojima et al. (47)^*	80	50 healthy controls 25 methamphetamine psychosis 21 temporal lobe epilepsy (L) 12 temporal lobe epilepsy (R)	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Kojima et al. (45)^*	145	124 healthy controls 116 depression	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Kojima et al. (48)^*	29	23 healthy controls	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Kurachi et al. (84)	12	12 healthy controls	Picture completion test of the WAIS	WAIS picture completion test
Leonards et al. (61)	8 paranoid 1 disorganized 9 undifferentiated	28 healthy controls	Faces, fractals, landscapes
Loughland et al. (51)^*	65	61 healthy controls 52 affective disorder	Faces, degraded faces	Face recognition Affect recognition
Loughland et al. (52)^*	65	61 healthy controls	Faces	Affect recognition
Loughland et al. (62)^*	63	61 healthy controls 37 first-degree relative^‡	Faces, degraded faces	Face recognition Affect recognition
Manor et al. (53)^*	25	25 healthy controls	Neutral face, Rey Complex Figure
Matsukawa et al. (63)	15	19 healthy controls 20 systemic lupus erythematosus	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Matsushima et al. (54)^*	20	20 healthy controls 18 frontal lobe lesion	S-shaped figure	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Matsushima et al. (85)^*	30	10 healthy controls 10 unipolar depression 10 methamphetamine psychosis 10 alcohol psychosis 10 anxiety disorder 10 temporal lobe epilepsy 10 frontal lobe lesion	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Mikami et al. (55)^*	30	30 healthy controls 48 methamphetamine psychosis	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Minassian et al. (56)^*	38	30 healthy controls	Rorschach stimuli	Viewing for subsequent Rorschach response period
Moriya et al. (64)	24	20 healthy controls	Human figures, S-shaped figures	Free-viewing
Nishiura et al. (57)^*	28 paranoid 16 nonparanoid	72 healthy controls	Faces with emotion-congruent sound, circles	Judge whether current picture differs from previous
Obayashi et al. (42)^*	27	20 healthy controls	Geometric figures (from Benton Visual Retention Test)	Benton Visual Retention Test
Obayashi et al. (41)^*	18 paranoid 7 disorganized 2 undifferentiated 1 catatonic	29 healthy controls	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§ 2test sessions 6 months apart
Philips and David (86)	7 deluded 7 nondeluded	10 healthy controls	Single faces, face pairs	Face recognition
Phillips and David (50)	7 deluded 7 minimally deluded	10 healthy controls	Single faces, face pairs	Face recognition
Phillips and David (87)	8	9 healthy controls	Neutral faces, chimeric faces
Phillips and David (88)	12 pers. delusions 10 nonpers. delusions	10 healthy controls	Scenes depicting neutral, ambiguous or threatening activity
Phillips and David (89)				Neutral face: state whether face is pleasant Chimeric faces: determine facial expression
Philips and David (65)^*	7 deluded 7 nondeluded	10 healthy controls	Single faces and face pairs (from Recognition Memory Test)	Recognition task
Philips and David (90)^*	6 deluded 5 minimally deluded	9 healthy controls	Single faces and face pairs (from Recognition Memory Test)	Recognition task
Phillips et al. (91)	19 pers. delusions 8 nonpers. delusions	17 healthy controls	Scene showing neutral, ambiguous or threatening activities
Phillips et al. (66)	19 pers. delusions 8 nonpers. delusions	18 healthy controls	Scene showing neutral, ambiguous or threatening activities	Free-viewing Asked to attend to threatening areas
Quirk and Strauss (92)^*	20	10 addiction recovery patients	Emotional images	Free-viewing
Rosse et al. (58)	16	38 cocaine users	Faces with direct and averted gaze	Affect recognition Gaze direction discrimination
Ryu et al. (59)^*	60	30 healthy controls	Circles, faces symbols, landscape	Varied by stimulus
Schwartz et al. (93)	16	10 healthy controls	Upright and inverted faces	Affect recognition
Streit et al. (94)	16	18 healthy controls	Faces	Affect recognition 2 test sessions 4 weeks apart
Takahashi et al. (43)	38	37 parents^‡ 47 siblings^‡	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Takahashi et al. (44)^*	23	43 healthy controls 23 siblings^‡	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Tsunoda et al. (74)	39^¶		S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§
Tsunoda et al. (73)^*	32	32 healthy controls	Benton Visual Retention Test	Viewing for stimulus reproduction
Williams et al. (68)^*	63	60 healthy controls	Faces, degraded faces	Free-viewing for later recognition
Williams et al. (67)^*	28	28 healthy controls	Faces	Viewing for subsequent affect recognition
Xia et al. (69)	14	41 healthy controls 23 parents^‡	S-shaped figures	S-shaped figures procedure^§

(L) = left-side spike focus; nonpers. = nonpersecutory; pers. = persecutory; (R) = right-side spike focus; WAIS = Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale.
↵* Study included in effect size calculations.
↵† In most of these studies, it is not clear whether participants were aware of affect recognition tasks, reproduction tasks, etc., before viewing or whether they completed a free-viewing task and were then informed of the additional task.
↵‡ First-degree relatives, parents and siblings were all unaffected relatives of patients with schizophrenia.
↵§ In these tasks, participants are shown an S-shaped figure (target figure) and asked to state whether the figure differs from a similar figure presented previously. The question “Are there any other differences?” is then repeated until the participant states that no further differences are present. Eye movements are recorded during each viewing period and during questioning.
↵¶ Both schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder.