Table 1

Population characteristics of refugees who underwent magnetic resonance imaging to assess the effects of traumatization and PTSD on brain morphology

Group; mean (SD)*
CharacteristicNontraumatized controls, n = 13Traumatized controls, n = 19PTSD, n = 20Kruskal–Wallis χ22†p value†
Age, yr29.0 (7.2)34.1 (9.9)36.2 (7.7)7.40.025
Years of formal education8.5 (6.0)10.7 (4.4)7.6 (4.0)5.10.08
Cigarettes smoked, no./d12.5 (10.1)12.8 (15.2)11.6 (16.2)0.75
Age at first traumatic experience—15.5 (6.8)16.4 (6.8)0.86
No. smokers91190.38
No. participants fulfilling criteria for major depression1115< 0.001

  • PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SD = standard deviation.

  • ↵* Unless otherwise indicated.

  • ↵† All test results were 2-tailed.