Demographic characteristics and symptom scores for controls and individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, separated into subgroups with and without transition to psychosis
| Group; mean (SD)* | Controls v. UHR | Controls v. UHR-NP v. UHR-P | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Controls, n = 32 | UHR, n = 42 | UHR-NP, n = 36 | UHR-P, n = 6 | χ2/F | p value | χ2/F | p value |
| Sex, male:female (% male) | 15:17 (47) | 25:17 (60) | 20:16 (56) | 5:1 (83) | χ2 = 1.17 | 0.27 | χ2 = 2.77 | 0.25 |
| Handedness, right/left/mixed (% right) | 27/3/2 (84) | 38/3/1 (90) | 33/2/1 (92) | 5/1/0 (83) | χ2 = 0.86 | 0.65 | χ2 = 1.78 | 0.78 |
| Premorbid IQ† | 106.0 (9.6) | 100.6 (13.5) | 102.1 (13.4) | 91.1 (10.5) | F = 3.76 | 0.06 | F = 4.22 | 0.018 |
| Age, yr | ||||||||
| At baseline | 15.5 (1.7) | 15.6 (2.1) | 15.4 (2.0) | 17.0 (2.5) | F = 0.15 | 0.70 | F = 1.79 | 0.17 |
| At 2-yr follow-up | 17.5 (1.8) | 17.6 (2.1) | 17.3 (2.0) | 19.1 (2.5) | F = 0.02 | 0.89 | F = 2.28 | 0.11 |
| SIPS total score | ||||||||
| At baseline‡ | 1.5 (2.1) | 24.7 (11.4) | 22.9 (10.8) | 35.2 (9.8) | F = 129.56 | < 0.001 | F = 80.21 | < 0.001 |
| At 2-yr follow-up‡ | 3.4 (3.3) | 16.6 (11.4) | 15.2 (10.7) | 25.0 (12.6) | F = 40.79 | < 0.001 | F = 25.44 | < 0.001 |
| BSABS-P, total score | ||||||||
| At baseline§ | 1.0 (1.5) | 21.4 (15.2) | 20.5 (14.0) | 20.8 (15.0) | F = 56.92 | < 0.001 | F = 29.86 | < 0.001 |
| At 2-yr follow-up‡ | 0.9 (1.2) | 6.4 (1.2) | 4.9 (7.1) | 15.5 (16.3) | F = 10.63 | < 0.001 | F = 12.75 | < 0.001 |
| GAF score | ||||||||
| At baseline§ | 94.0 (6.6) | 58.4 (15.2) | 58.5 (15.3) | 57.7 (16.4) | F = 151.95 | < 0.001 | F = 74.96 | < 0.001 |
| At 2-yr follow-up§ | 88.8 (7.7) | 60.8 (12.8) | 61.9 (12.9) | 54.0 (11.3) | F = 118.78 | < 0.001 | F = 62.25 | < 0.001 |
| Days from baseline to transition | NA | NA | NA | 299 (159) | NA | NA | ||
| Days from transition to baseline | NA | NA | NA | 484 (187) | NA | NA | ||
| Smoking, no. (%) | ||||||||
| At baseline§ | 0 (0) | 9 (21) | 8 (22) | 1 (17) | χ2 = 7.54 | 0.005 | χ2 = 7.56 | 0.019 |
| At 2-yr follow-up§ | 1 (3) | 13 (31) | 12 (33) | 1 (17) | χ2 = 9.87 | 0.001 | χ2 = 10.55 | 0.003 |
| Medication at baseline, no. (%)¶ | NA | NA | ||||||
| Any | 15 (36) | 12 (33) | 3 (50) | χ2 = 0.62 | 0.43 | |||
| Antipsychotic** | 7 (17) | 7 (19) | 1 (17) | χ2 = 0.26 | 0.87 | |||
| Mood stabilizer | 6 (14) | 4 (11) | 2 (33) | χ2 = 2.07 | 0.15 | |||
| Psychostimulant | 3 (7) | 3 (13) | 0 (0) | χ2 = 0.54 | 0.46 | |||
| Other | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | χ2 = 0.17 | 0.68 | |||
| Medication at 2-yr follow-up, no. (%)§ | NA | NA | ||||||
| Any | 16 (38) | 13 (36) | 3 (50) | χ2 = 0.42 | 0.52 | |||
| Antipsychotic†† | 7 (5) | 5 (14) | 2 (33) | χ2 = 1.40 | 0.24 | |||
| Mood stabilizer | 6 (14) | 5 (14) | 1 (17) | χ2 = 0.03 | 0.86 | |||
| Psychostimulant | 5 (12) | 5 (14) | 0 (0) | χ2 = 0.95 | 0.33 | |||
| Anxiolytic | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | ||||
| Other | 2 (4) | 1 (3) | 1 (17) | χ2 = 5.34 | 0.07 | |||
BSABS-P = Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms-Prediction List;17 GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning; NA = not applicable; SD = standard deviation; SIPS = Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms;16 UHR = total group at ultra-high risk for psychosis; UHR-NP = subgroup of people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who do not transition to psychosis; UHR-P = subgroup of people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who transition to psychosis.
↵* Unless otherwise indicated.
↵† Post hoc comparisons significant (p < 0.05) for controls versus UHR-P.
↵‡ Post hoc comparisons significant (p < 0.05) for controls versus UHR-NP, controls versus UHR-P and UHR-NP versus UHR-P.
↵§ Post hoc comparisons significant (p < 0.05) for controls versus UHR-NP and controls versus UHR-P.
↵¶ Comparisons between UHR-NP versus UHR-P only.
↵** All UHR-NP individuals used atypical antipsychotic medication; the UHR-P individual used typical antipsychotic medication.
↵†† All UHR individuals used atypical antipsychotic medication.