Overview of ERP and fMRI studies investigating error processing in substance dependence and behavioural addictions
| Study | Participants | Measures | Main results, behavioural | Main results, imaging |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicotine dependence | ||||
| Franken et al.100 (2010) | 21 ND | ERPs | No group differences | ERN: no group differences Pe error: ND < HC at Fz, Cz, Pz Pe correct: no group differences |
| 25 HC | Flanker task | |||
| Luijten et al.101 (2011) | 13 ND | ERPs | RTs: HC (and not ND) show posterror slowing | ERN error: ND < HC at FCz, Cz, CPz ERN correct: no group differences Pe error: ND < HC at FCz, Cz, CPz Pe correct: no group differences |
| 14 HC | Flanker task with smoking and neutral pictures | |||
| de Ruiter et al.62 (2012)*,† | 18 ND | fMRI | No group differences | Contrast: stop E – control ND < HC: r-dACC ND > HC: r-DMPFC |
| 17 HC | Stop-signal task | |||
| Nestor et al.63 (2011)* | 13 ND | fMRI | RTs: ND & HC < ex-ND ERRORs: ND > ex-ND & HC | Contrast: no-go E v. baseline ND < HC: r-SFG, l-STG ND < ex-ND: r-SFG, l-ACC, l-PCC, l-MTG, l-cerebellum ND & HC < Ex-ND: bil-SFG, r-MFG, l-MTG, bil-PHG, l-cerebellum Ex-ND > HC : l-SFG, r-MFG, l-insula, bil-STG |
| 10 ex-ND | Go/no-go task | |||
| 13 HC | ||||
| Alcohol dependence | ||||
| Padilla et al.102 (2011) | 14 AD | ERPs | No group differences | ERN error: AD > HC at FCz ERN correct: AD > HC at FCz Pe: not investigated |
| 14 HC | Flanker task with high and low conflict and stimuli and response | |||
| Schellekens et al.103 (2010) | 29 AD 8 with and 21 without ANX | ERPs | RTs: AD > HC | ERN error: AD > HC at FCz; AD ANX+ > AD ANX- at FCz ERN correct: not investigated Pe: not investigated |
| 15 HC | Flanker task | Errors: AD > HC | ||
| Li et al.75 (2009)* | 24 AD | fMRI | No group differences | Contrast: stop E – stop C AD > HC: bil-MTG, bil-SPL, bil-SFG, bil-MFG, r-CS, l-ACC, r-SOG, r-MOG Corr. posterror RTs AD < HC: r-DLPFC |
| 24 HC | Stop-signal task | |||
| Cannabis dependence | ||||
| Hester et al.81 (2009)* | 16 CaD | fMRI | Error awareness: CaD < HC | Contrast: no-go E aware v. baseline CaD > HC: bil-precuneus, l-putamen, left caudate, l-hippocampus Contrast: no-go E unaware v. baseline CaD (and not HC) hypoactivation in r-ACC, r-putamen, r-IPL, bil -MFG |
| 16 HC | Go/no-go task with error awareness and unawareness | |||
| Stimulant dependence | ||||
| Franken et al.7 (2007) | 14 CoD | ERPs | Errors: CoD > HC | ERN error: CoD < HC at Fz, FCz, Cz ERN correct: no group differences Pe error: CoD < HC at Fz, FCz, Cz Pe correct: no group differences |
| 13 HC | Flanker task | Repeated errors: CoD > HC | ||
| Marhe et al.105 (2013) | 49 CoD | ERPs | Errors: CoD > HC | ERN error: CoD < HC at Fz, FCz, Cz ERN correct: no group differences Less pronounced ERN amplitudes in CoD at start of treatment were associated with more cocaine use at 3-mo follow-up. Pe: not investigated |
| 23 HC | Flanker task | |||
| Sokhadze et al.85 (2008)* | 6 CoD | ERPs | RTs: CoD > HC | ERN error: CoD < HC at frontal cluster ERN correct: no group differences Pe: not investigated |
| 6 HC | Combined Flanker and go/no-go task | Errors: CoD > HC | ||
| Kaufman et al.87 (2003)* | 13 CoD | fMRI | Errors: CoD > HC | Contrast: no-go E v. baseline CoD < HC: r-medFG, l-IFG, r-dACC, l-insula |
| 14 HC | Go/no-go task | |||
| Luo et al.89 (2013) | 97 CoD | fMRI | n/m | Contrast: stop E -- stop C Relapsers < nonrelapsers: dACC in men and women, thalamus in women, l-Insula in men. Relapsers > nonrelapsers: none |
| Stop-signal task | ||||
| Opiate dependence | ||||
| Forman et al.106 (2004) | 13 OD | fMRI | RTs: OD > HC | Contrast: no-go E v. baseline OD < HC: r-ACC |
| 13 HC | Go/no-go task | Errors: OD > HC | ||
| Behavioural addictions | ||||
| Littel et al.96 (2012)* | 25 EG | ERPs | Error: EG > HC | ERN error: EG < HC at Fz, FCz, Cz, Pz ERN correct: no group differences Pe error: no group differences Pe correct: no group differences |
| 27 HC | Go/no-go task | Go RT:EG < HC | ||
| de Ruiter et al.62 (2012)*,† | 18 PG | fMRI | No group differences | Contrast: stop E -- control PG < HC: r-dACC |
| 17 HC | Stop-signal task | |||
ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; AD = alcohol dependence; ANX+ = high levels of anxiety, ANX- = low levels of anxiety; bil- = bilateral; CaD = cannabis dependence, CoD = cocaine dependence; corr = correlation; CS = central sulcus; dACC = dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMPFC = dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; EG = excessive gaming; ERN = error-related negativity; ERP = event-related potential; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; HC = healthy controls; IPL = inferior parietal lobe; l- = left; medFG = medial frontal gyrus; MFG = middle frontal gyrus; MOG = middle occipital gyrus; MTG = middle temporal gyrus; ND = nicotine dependence; no-go E = no-go error; OD = opiate dependence; Pe = error positivity; PCC = posterior cingulate gyrus; PG = pathological gambling; PHG = parahippocampal gyrus; r- = right; RT = reaction time; SOG = superior occipital gyrus; SPL = superior parietal lobe; STG = superior temporal gyrus; stop C = no-go correct; stop E = no-go error.
↵* Study is also included in the inhibitory control section.
↵† This study includes an ND, PG and HC group and therefore is included in both ND and behavioural addiction sections.