Table 1

Participant characteristics

Characteristic	Patients				Controls

	Total	Major depressive disorder	Bipolar disorder	Borderline personality disorder
Patients, n
Baseline	111	46	38	27	29
F/M	74/37	27/19	27/11	20/7	21/8
Follow-up	74	33	24	17	—
Sex
χ²^*	—	3.75	0.60	0.37	—
p value	—	0.053	0.44	0.54	—
Age, yr, mean ± SD	—	31.8 ± 10.1	32.0 ± 9.3	28.0 ± 7.3	32.1 ± 9.0
t^†	—	t_62.0 = 0.30	t_58.1 = 0.22	t_53.0 = 1.63	—
p value	—	0.76	0.83	0.11	—
MADRS score, mean ± SD	—	24.0 ± 6.2	21.7 ± 7.0	22.2 ± 6.5	2.3 ± 3.5
t^†	—	t_76.0 = 19.6	t_65.5 = 15.6	t_46.7 = 15.1	—
p value	—	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	—
YMRS score, mean ± SD	—	1.70 ± 2.66	3.44 ± 3.70	3.55 ± 2.62	0.74 ± 1.61
t^†	—	t_73.94 = 1.97	t_62.0 = 4.20	t_50.64 = 4.99	—
p value	—	0.053	< 0.001	< 0.001	—

F = female; M = male; MADRS = Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; SD = standard deviation; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.
↵* χ² test difference versus controls.
↵† t test difference versus controls.