Table 1

Descriptive statistics and univariate Cox regressions

Characteristic	Baseline^*	General offences		Serious offences

		RR (95% CI)	p value	RR (95% CI)	p value^†
Demographics
Age	21.98 ± 2.4	1.01 (0.91–1.13)	0.85	0.94 (0.81–1.08)	0.37
Ethnicity
Western	22 (17.3)		ref		ref
Caribbean	55 (43.3)	1.98 (0.82–4.78)	0.13	1.70 (0.57–5.05)	0.34
Moroccan	21 (16.5)	2.70 (1.02–7.13)	0.045	2.07 (0.62–6.87)	0.24
Cape Verdean	8 (6.3)	2.78 (0.89–8.69)	0.078	1.30 (0.24–7.15)	0.76
Other non-Western	21 (16.5)	1.29 (0.44–3.72)	0.64	1.19 (0.32–4.44)	0.80
Education
Senior secondary education	23 (18.1)		ref		ref
Junior secondary education	48 (37.8)	1.15 (0.54–2.45)	0.72	0.62 (0.23–1.67)	0.35
Primary education	56 (44.1)	1.45 (0.69–3.04)	0.33	1.09 (0.44–2.71)	0.85
Intelligence quotient	82.07 ± 10.2	0.82 (0.64–1.07)	0.14	0.86 (0.61–1.22)	0.40
Delinquency and drug use
Past offences, n	5.06 ± 5.70	1.51 (1.27–1.79)	< 0.001	1.72 (1.40–2.10)	< 0.001
Cannabis use, yr	4.28 ± 3.83	1.27 (0.98–1.65)	0.069	1.43 (0.93–2.05)	0.051
Alcohol use, yr
0	73 (57.5)		ref		ref
1–5	31 (24.4)	0.88 (0.45–1.71)	0.97	0.93 (0.40–2.15)	0.86
6+	23 (18.1)	0.81 (0.40–1.65)	0.57	0.90 (0.34–2.37)	0.84
Behaviour
Reactive aggression	11.28 ± 4.65	1.53 (1.17–2.00)	0.002	1.57 (1.11–2.22)	0.011
Proactive aggression	5.28 ± 4.28	1.38 (1.10–1.72)	0.005	1.47 (1.12–1.93)	0.005
Psychopathy, interpersonal	11.27 ± 3.86	0.90 (0.70–1.15)	0.38	1.07 (0.79–1.46)	0.66
Psychopathy, affective	10.83 ± 3.51	1.04 (0.82–1.31)	0.78	1.13 (0.83–1.53)	0.44
Psychopathy, behavioural	12.21 ± 3.14	1.07 (0.83–1.38)	0.60	1.38 (1.00–1.89)	0.047
Internalizing problems	72.52 ± 24.19	0.99 (0.77–1.27)	0.92	0.91 (0.66–1.26)	0.57
Externalizing problems	69.22 ± 23.83	1.07 (0.82–1.40)	0.63	1.17 (0.82–1.69)	0.39
Accuracy, Flanker	0.82 ± 0.16	0.82 (0.63–1.06)	0.13	0.74 (0.54–1.03)	0.11
Accuracy, go/no-go	0.50 ± 0.16	1.05 (0.77–1.43)	0.77	1.12 (0.75–1.68)	0.58
Neurobiology
Heart rate	65.78 ± 9.11	0.70 (0.52–0.93)	0.014	0.53 (0.35–0.79)	0.002
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia	95.70 ± 42.48	1.17 (0.94–1.46)	0.17	1.22 (0.91–1.64)	0.18
Error-related negativity	−5.17 ± 4.72	1.47 (1.10–1.96)	0.008	1.53 (1.05–2.25)	0.029
Positivity error	6.13 ± 5.07	0.83 (0.64–1.08)	0.17	0.70 (0.49–0.99)	0.043
ACC activity (commission errors v. correct hits)	2.87 ± 2.34	1.05 (0.81–1.36)	0.74	1.27 (0.90–1.80)	0.18
ACC activity (correct rejections v. correct hits)	2.56 ± 1.85	0.90 (0.78–1.05)	0.18	0.90 (0.73–1.10)	0.28

ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; CI = confidence interval; RR = risk ratio; SD = standard deviation.
↵* Values are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables or n (%) for categorical variables.
↵† Considered significant at p < 0.10.