Demographic and clinical characteristics*
| Characteristic | Cohort 1: case–control | Cohort 2: offspring | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC (n = 56) | SZ (n = 54) | Group differences | CO (n = 18) | SZO (n = 24) | BPO (n = 33) | Group differences | |
| Age, yr | 33.84 ± 8.04 | 34.08 ± 7.98 | t108 = −0.16 p = 0.88 | 16.06 ± 2.62 | 16.92 ± 2.36 | 17.69 ± 2.46 | F2,72 = 2.57 p = 0.08 |
| Sex (M/F) | 52/4 | 46/8 | χ21 = 1.66 p = 0.20 | 13/5 | 6/18 | 15/18 | χ22 = 9.26 p = 0.01 |
| Education, yr | 13.80 ± 1.80 | 12.93 ± 2.07 | t108 = 2.37 p = 0.02 | NA | NA | NA | — |
| Parental education, yr† | 13.60 ± 2.75 | 14.56 ± 3.56 | t101 = −1.53 p = 0.13 | 15.67 ± 1.78 | 14.74 ± 2.22 | 14.73 ± 2.13 | F2,71 = 1.38 p = 0.26 |
| Antipsychotic medication, n | |||||||
| Typical/atypical/both | 0/0/0 | 6/46/1 | 0 | 2/0/0 | 1/0/0 | — | |
| None | 56 | 1 | 18 | 22 | 32 | — | |
| PANSS score‡ | |||||||
| Positive | — | 12.60 ± 3.70 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Negative | — | 13.42 ± 5.10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| General | — | 24.90 ± 4.98 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Total | — | 50.92 ± 10.10 | — | — | — | — | — |
BPO = bipolar disorder offspring; CO = control offspring; HC = healthy controls; NA = not applicable; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SZ = schizophrenia; SZO = schizophrenia offspring.
↵* Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated.
↵† Information was unavailable for 3 participants from the HC group and 4 participants from the SZ group.
↵‡ The PANSS score was unavailable for 2 participants from the SZ group because they dropped out of the study.