Participant demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and cognitive function
| Characteristic | Group; mean ± SD or no. (%) | F | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 183) | Schizophrenia (n = 119) | Bipolar disorder (n = 100) | Major depressive disorder (n = 123) | |||
| Age at scan, yr | 26.62 ± 8.00 | 24.77 ± 9.07 | 25.72 ± 7.88 | 27.74 ± 9.76 | 2.596§ | 0.052 |
| Male | 73 (40) | 54 (45) | 48 (48) | 34 (28) | 10.932§ | 0.012 |
| Right-handed | 175 (96) | 107 (90) | 97 (97) | 116 (94) | 9.121§ | 0.17 |
| Duration, mo | — | 22.09 ± 36.42 | 41.48 ± 56.18 | 21.10 ± 39.24 | 6.605¶ | 0.002 |
| First episode | — | 84 (71) | 52 (52) | 97 (79) | 27.221¶ | < 0.001 |
| Medication | — | 71 (60) | 65 (65) | 49 (40) | 20.746¶ | < 0.001 |
| Antidepressant | — | 9 (8) | 28 (28) | 43 (35) | 27.007¶ | < 0.001 |
| Antipsychotic | — | 65 (55) | 32 (32) | 4 (3) | 77.108¶ | < 0.001 |
| Mood stabilizer | — | 4 (3) | 52 (52) | 0 | 131.489¶ | < 0.001 |
| Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression* | 1.17 ± 1.68 | 8.01 ± 6.98 | 11.74 ± 9.54 | 21.37 ± 8.72 | 198.298§ | < 0.001 |
| Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale† | 18.31 ± 0.82 | 36.14 ± 14.09 | 25.68 ± 8.43 | 25.59 ± 6.17 | 65.772§ | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive function (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test)‡ | ||||||
| Corrected responses | 32.31 ± 10.66 | 17.39 ± 12.17 | 25.44 ± 11.52 | 25.03 ± 11.48 | 11.100§ | < 0.001 |
| Categories completed | 4.32 ± 1.97 | 1.72 ± 1.90 | 3.00 ± 2.03 | 3.00 ± 1.97 | 14.756§ | < 0.001 |
| Total errors | 15.69 ± 10.66 | 30.62 ± 12.22 | 22.56 ± 11.52 | 23.29 ± 11.63 | 10.569§ | < 0.001 |
| Perseverative errors | 5.76 ± 6.68 | 14.70 ± 13.02 | 9.22 ± 9.37 | 9.67 ± 9.31 | 5.126§ | 0.002 |
| Nonperseverative errors | 9.98 ± 5.58 | 15.93 ± 8.64 | 13.16 ± 7.04 | 13.64 ± 6.04 | 6.033§ | 0.001 |
SD = standard deviation.
↵* Control, n = 162; schizophrenia, n = 83; bipolar disorder, n = 98; major depressive disorder, n = 122.
↵† Control, n = 101; schizophrenia, n = 114; bipolar disorder, n = 60; major depressive disorder, n = 56.
↵‡ Control, n = 101; schizophrenia, n = 74; bipolar disorder, n = 45; major depressive disorder, n = 70.
↵§ Among the healthy control, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder groups.
↵¶ Among the schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder groups.