Characteristic | Findings |
---|---|
Age at onset, yr | 16.7 ± 6.2 |
Duration of illness, yr | 14.9 ± 8.0 |
Current mood state, n | |
Euthymic | 37 |
Depressed | < 5 |
Manic | < 5 |
Hypomanic | < 5 |
Mixed | < 5 |
MADRS score | |
Control | 1.7 ± 2.8 |
Euthymic | 4.9 ± 5.6 |
YMRS score | |
Control | 0.4 ± 1.0 |
Euthymic | 2.3 ± 3.9 |
Lifetime psychosis, n (%) | 27 (60.0) |
Medication use, n‡ | |
Unmedicated | 5 |
Lithium | 14 |
Anticonvulsants | 20 |
Antidepressants | 16 |
Antipsychotics | 27 |
Anxiolytics | 12 |
Previous mood episodes | |
Depressed | 16.4 ± 21.8 |
Manic | 7.5 ± 15.9 |
Hypomanic | 13.2 ± 20.1 |
Mixed | 3.4 ± 8.7 |
Total | 40.0 ± 46.9 |
Lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, n | |
Panic disorder | 14 |
Agoraphobia | 10 |
Social phobia | 14 |
Obsessive–compulsive disorder | < 5 |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 8 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | < 5 |
Anorexia nervosa | < 5 |
Binge-eating disorder | < 5 |
Alcohol dependence | 5 |
Alcohol abuse | 14 |
Substance dependence | 7 |
Substance abuse | 13 |
MADRS = Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.
↵* Findings are for the bipolar type I group unless otherwise specified. Control group, n = 60; bipolar type I group, n = 45. Findings that applied to fewer than 5 participants have been suppressed owing to data privacy guidelines.
↵† Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise specified.
↵‡ Most participants were on polypharmacy; therefore medication count totals are greater than the sample size (n = 45).