| Characteristic | Findings |
|---|---|
| Age at onset, yr | 16.7 ± 6.2 |
| Duration of illness, yr | 14.9 ± 8.0 |
| Current mood state, n | |
| Euthymic | 37 |
| Depressed | < 5 |
| Manic | < 5 |
| Hypomanic | < 5 |
| Mixed | < 5 |
| MADRS score | |
| Control | 1.7 ± 2.8 |
| Euthymic | 4.9 ± 5.6 |
| YMRS score | |
| Control | 0.4 ± 1.0 |
| Euthymic | 2.3 ± 3.9 |
| Lifetime psychosis, n (%) | 27 (60.0) |
| Medication use, n‡ | |
| Unmedicated | 5 |
| Lithium | 14 |
| Anticonvulsants | 20 |
| Antidepressants | 16 |
| Antipsychotics | 27 |
| Anxiolytics | 12 |
| Previous mood episodes | |
| Depressed | 16.4 ± 21.8 |
| Manic | 7.5 ± 15.9 |
| Hypomanic | 13.2 ± 20.1 |
| Mixed | 3.4 ± 8.7 |
| Total | 40.0 ± 46.9 |
| Lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, n | |
| Panic disorder | 14 |
| Agoraphobia | 10 |
| Social phobia | 14 |
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder | < 5 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 8 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | < 5 |
| Anorexia nervosa | < 5 |
| Binge-eating disorder | < 5 |
| Alcohol dependence | 5 |
| Alcohol abuse | 14 |
| Substance dependence | 7 |
| Substance abuse | 13 |
MADRS = Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.
↵* Findings are for the bipolar type I group unless otherwise specified. Control group, n = 60; bipolar type I group, n = 45. Findings that applied to fewer than 5 participants have been suppressed owing to data privacy guidelines.
↵† Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise specified.
↵‡ Most participants were on polypharmacy; therefore medication count totals are greater than the sample size (n = 45).