Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants
| Group; mean ± SD or no. (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | BD (n = 40) | Control (n = 48) | Statistical test | Effect size | p value |
| Age, yr | 17.03 ± 1.44 | 15.85 ± 1.74 | U = 572.5 | d = 0.739 | 0.001 |
| Female sex | 24 (60) | 25 (52) | χ2 = 0.554 | V = 0.079 | 0.46 |
| Socioeconomic status | 52.35 ± 12.38 | 52.98 ± 10.31 | t = −0.26 | d = 0.051 | 0.80 |
| BD subtype | |||||
| BD-I | 14 (35) | — | — | — | — |
| BD-II | 14 (35) | — | — | — | — |
| BD-NOS | 12 (30) | — | — | — | — |
| Waist circumference | 82.15 ± 9.48 | 74.62 ± 6.97 | U = 317 | d = 0.905 | 0.001 |
| Adjusted BMI | 24.44 ± 4.32 | 21.22 ± 2.98 | U = 470 | d = 0.868 | < 0.001 |
| Resting systolic BP | 112.68 ± 12.84 | 109.85 ± 17.13 | t = 0.86 | d = 0.187 | 0.40 |
| Resting diastolic BP | 68.58 ± 7.81 | 68.07 ± 10.00 | t = 0.26 | d = 0.057 | 0.80 |
| Lifetime tobacco use | 6 (25) | 0 (0) | χ2 = 4.70 | V = 0.389 | 0.030 |
| Lifetime comorbid diagnoses | |||||
| ADHD | 17 (44) | 5 (10) | χ2 = 11.78 | V = 0.372 | 0.001 |
| Anxiety | 29 (73) | 2 (4) | χ2 = 43.88 | V = 0.710 | < 0.001 |
| SUD | 9 (23) | 0 (0) | χ2 = 12.03 | V = 0.370 | < 0.001 |
| ODD | 12 (30) | 0 (0) | χ2 = 16.67 | V = 0.435 | < 0.001 |
| CD | 3 (8) | 0 (0) | χ2 = 3.73 | V = 0.206 | 0.05 |
| Family history* | |||||
| Mania/hypomania | 22 (55) | — | — | — | — |
| Depression | 27 (68) | 9 (19) | χ2 = 21.45 | V = 0.494 | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety | 22 (55) | 9 (19) | χ2 = 12.57 | V = 0.378 | < 0.001 |
| ADHD | 9 (23) | 1 (2) | χ2 = 9.03 | V = 0.320 | 0.003 |
| Medications | |||||
| Second-generation antipsychotics | 21 (53) | — | — | — | — |
| Lithium | 8 (20) | — | — | — | — |
| SSRIs | 11(28) | — | — | — | — |
| Non-SSRI antidepressants | 4 (10) | — | — | — | — |
| Stimulants | 9 (23) | — | — | — | — |
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BD = bipolar disorder; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CD = conduct disorder; NOS = not otherwise specified; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; SD = standard deviation; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SUD = substance use disorder.
↵* First- or second-degree relatives.