Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
| Group; mean ± SD or median [IQR]* | ||
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No depressive disorder (n = 2656) | MDD (n = 101) |
| Age, yr | 59.9 ± 8.1 | 58.6 ± 8.1 |
| Female sex, % | 48.6 | 47.5 |
| Education level, low/medium/high, % | 32/29/39 | 49/30/22 |
| Cardio-metabolic risk factors | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.9 ± 4.3 | 28.4 ± 5.1 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 0.96 ± 0.10 |
| Glucose metabolism status, NGM/IGM/TDM2, % | 57/15/27 | 41/10/49 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.24 ± 1.16 | 5.06 ± 1.13 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.52 ± 0.47 | 1.36 ± 0.45 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.10 ± 1.03 | 2.99 ± 1.14 |
| Total:HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.70 ±1.18 | 4.03 ± 1.35 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 135 ± 18 | 136 ± 18 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76 ± 10 | 77 ± 11 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 97 ± 10 | 97 ± 11 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 63 ± 9 | 65 ± 10 |
| Hypertension, % | 55.2 | 58.4 |
| Prior CVD, % | 16.1 | 21.6 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.3 ± 14.7 | 87.8 ± 16.0 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||
| Smoking, never/former/current, % | 34/53/13 | 22/52/27 |
| Alcohol use, none/low/high, % | 17/56/27 | 35/43/22 |
| Physical activity, hours/wk† | 13.3 [8.3–18.8] | 10.5 [6.0–16.5] |
| High-intensity physical activity, hours/wk† | 4.5 [2.3–8.0] | 3.0 [0.8–5.5] |
| Medication use | ||
| Glucose lowering drugs, % | 21.7 | 42.6 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs, % | 38.5 | 46.5 |
| Lipid modifying drugs, % | 36.2 | 43.6 |
| Antidepressive drugs, %‡ | 6.4 (170) | 25.7 (26) |
| Stiffness related indices | ||
| cfPWV, m/s | 8.99 ± 2.14 | 9.52 ± 2.84 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 51 ± 10 | 51 ± 10 |
| Depressive symptoms | ||
| PHQ-9 score | 2.0 [0.0–4.0] | 10.0 [7.0–16.0] |
BMI = body mass index; cfPWV = carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity; CVD = cardiovascular disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; IGM = impaired glucose metabolism; IQR = interquartile range; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MDD = major depressive disorder; NGM = normal glucose metabolism; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SD = standard deviation; TDM2 = type 2 diabetes mellitus.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.
↵† Data on physical activity were available for 2409 participants.
↵‡ Antidepressive drugs according to sex: 8.9% in nondepressed women v. 4.0% in nondepressed men and 33.3% in depressed women v. 18.9% in depressed men.