Studies included in analyses of magnetic resonance spectroscopy GABA level
Study | Diagnostic status | Disorder state | n | Female sex, % | Mean age, yr | ROI | Voxels size, mL | Main results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sanacora et al. (10) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 14 | 43 | 42.9 | OCC | 13.5 | Diminished GABA |
Kugaya et al. (8) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 6 | 0 | 36.2 | OCC | 11.1 | Diminished GABA |
Sanacora et al. (9) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 33 | NA | 41.9 | OCC | 13.5 | Diminished GABA |
Epperson et al. (14) | Postpartum unipolar | Current MDE | 9 | 100 | 30 | OCC | 20.5 | Trend for enhanced GABA |
Hasler et al. (30) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 20 | 65 | 34 | VMPFC & DA/dmPFC | 18 and 30 | Diminished GABA in DA/dmPFC, no change in vmPFC |
Price et al. (15) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 33 | 39 | 42.2 | OCC & ACC | 18 and 18.75 | Diminished GABA in resistant MDE, no change in nonresistant MDE |
Walter et al. (13) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 17 | 58 | 40 | ACC | 17.5 | No GABA level change |
Murrough et al. (17) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 31 | 47.6 | 39.1 | OCC & ACC | 18 and 18.75 | No GABA level change |
Gabbay et al. (16) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 20 | 60 | 16.7 | ACC | 18.75 | Diminished GABA in anhedonic MDE, no change in nonanhedonic MDE |
Abdallah et al. (11) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 23 | 70 | 43 | OCC | 13.5 | No GABA level change |
Godlewska et al. (12) | Unipolar | Current MDE | 33 | 42 | 29.9 | OCC | 10 | No GABA level change |
Wang et al. (18) | Bipolar | Current MDE & Euthymic | 29 | 52 | 34.4 | OCC & mPFC | 18 and 12.5 | No GABA level change |
Hasler et al. (29) | Unipolar | Euthymic | 16 | 75 | 41 | VMPFC & DA/dmPFC | 18 and 30 | No GABA level change |
Shaw et al. (27) | Unipolar | Euthymic | 19 | 100 | 21 | OCC | 27 | No GABA level change |
Kaufman et al. (54) | Bipolar | Euthymic | 13 | 38 | 40 | Basal ganglia | NA | No GABA level change |
Brady et al. (22) | Bipolar | Euthymic | 14 | 43 | 33 | POC & ACC | 16.7 and 16.7 | Enhanced GABA level |
Godlewska et al. (23) | Bipolar | Euthymic | 13 | 54 | 24 | OCC & mPFC | 10 and 6.75 | No GABA level change |
Sanacora et al. (25) | Unipolar | Before/after treatment | 11 | 36 | 39 | OCC | 13.5 | Enhanced GABA after SSRI |
Sanacora et al. (24) | Unipolar | Before/after treatment | 8 | 38 | 46 | OCC | 13.5 | Enhanced GABA after ECT |
Sanacora et al. (26) | Unipolar | Before/after treatment | 8 | NA | NA | OCC | 20.5 | No GABA level change after CBT |
Valentine et al. (28) | Unipolar | Before/after treatment | 10 | 60 | 42 | OCC | 13.5 | No GABA level change after ketamine |
Abdallah et al. (20) | Unipolar | Before/after treatment | 28 | 63 | 42 | OCC | 13.5 | No GABA level change after CBT |
Godlewska et al. (12) | Unipolar | Before/after treatment | 27 | 42 | 30 | OCC | 10 | No GABA level change after SSRI |
ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; CBT = cognitive behavioural therapy; DA/dmPFC = dorsoantero/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; ECT = electroconvulsive therapy; GABA = γ-aminobutyric acid; MDE = major depressive episode; MRS = magnetic resonance spectroscopy; mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex; NA = not available; OCC = occipital cortex; POC = parieto-occipital cortex; ROI = region of interest; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; vmPFC = ventromedial prefrontal cortex.