Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Group; mean ± SD* | t | p value | Cohen d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPD, n = 30 | Control, n = 28 | ||||
| Age, yr | 26.9 ± 6.1 | 26.5 ± 5.7 | 0.28 | 0.78 | 0.07 |
| Intelligence (Raven) | 54.2 ± 4.2 | 54.1 ± 4.1 | 0.09 | 0.93 | 0.02 |
| Body mass index | 23.0 ± 2.9 | 22.0 ± 2.5 | 1.40 | 0.17 | 0.37 |
| Salivary testosterone, pg/mL | 26.9 ± 33.5 | 11.1 ± 12.3 | 2.34 | 0.023 | 0.62 |
| BPD symptom severity (ZAN-BPD) | 13.2 ± 5.0 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 13.18 | < 0.001 | 3.46 |
| Depressiveness (BDI-II) | 27.5 ± 10.7 | 3.9 ± 3.4 | 11.12 | < 0.001 | 2.92 |
| ADHD symptom severity (ADHD-SR) | 14.45 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 4.32 | < 0.001 | 1.14 |
| Trait anxiety (STAI) | 59.5 ± 6.8 | 29.4 ± 5.9 | 18.03 | < 0.001 | 4.74 |
| Anger out (STAXI) | 15.1 ± 4.5 | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 3.10 | 0.003 | 0.82 |
| Comorbid disorder, no. current (lifetime) | |||||
| Affective disorders | 8 (22) | — | — | — | — |
| Substance disorders | 0 (3) | — | — | — | — |
| Anxiety disorders | 12 (15) | — | — | — | — |
| PTSD | 7 (8) | — | — | — | — |
| Social phobias | 5 (7) | — | — | — | — |
| Somatoform disorders | 3 (3) | — | — | — | — |
| Eating disorders | 7 (12) | — | — | — | — |
| Antisocial personality disorder | 1 (1) | — | — | — | — |
| Avoidant personality disorder | 10 (10) | — | — | — | — |
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-SR = Self-Rating Behaviour Questionnaire for ADHD; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory, revised; BPD = borderline personality disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SD = standard deviation; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAXI = State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; ZAN-BPD = Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.