Table 2

Brain activation associated with negative emotions in patients with BPD and healthy controls as well as significant differences between both groups for the negative – neutral contrast^*

Brain region	MNI space		z	k	Z	p value

	x	y
Healthy controls
L middle occipital	−51	−76	1	1853	6.21	< 0.001
L middle occipital	−27	−91	10		5.60
L fusiform	−36	−58	−8		5.48
R middle occipital	30	−88	22	2168	6.19	< 0.001
R middle occipital	42	−73	4		5.79
R middle temporal	48	−64	7		5.63
L inferior frontal, triangularis	−51	29	7	138	4.31	0.014
L inferior frontal, orbitalis	−51	38	−5		3.77
L inferior frontal, triangularis	−39	26	1		3.57
R inferior frontal, orbitalis	45	26	−5	95	4.31	0.048
R inferior frontal, triangularis	51	29	4		4.05
Patients with BPD
L middle temporal	45	−58	4	6888	6.16	< 0.001
L fusiform	−24	−82	−8		6.08
R caudate	18	−7	22		5.95
Increased brain activation related to negative emotions in patients with BPD compared with healthy controls
L precentral	−42	2	34	707	4.69	< 0.001
R caudate	21	−7	22		4.48
L superior frontal	−15	20	40		4.45
L precuneus	−21	−46	1	117	4.68	0.025
L hippocampus	−24	−31	−2		3.42
L posterior cingulum	−9	−43	13		3.41
Negative correlations between brain activation associated with negative emotions and the level of habitual acceptance in patients with BPD^†
L putamen	−24	14	7	83	4.19	< 0.048
L putamen	−27	2	−2		3.41
L caudate	−9	17	10		3.24

BPD = borderline personality disorder; EAQ = Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire; FWE = family-wise error; L = left hemisphere; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute; R = right hemisphere.
↵* Displayed are the whole-brain results of a within-group cluster-level analysis with a cluster significance threshold of p <0.05 (FWE-corrected for multiple comparisons) and a minimum cluster size of 20 voxels.
↵† EAQ; included as a covariate.