Demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | Group; mean ± SD or no. (%) | F/χ2 | p value | Post hoc significance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 209) | MDD (n = 124) | BD (n = 123) | Schizophrenia (n = 123) | ||||
| Demographic | |||||||
| Age at scan, yr | 28.91 ± 7.58 | 29.67 ± 8.04 | 27.50 ± 6.50 | 28.15 ± 7.91 | 1.96¶ | 0.12¶ | — |
| Male sex | 85 (40.7) | 37 (29.8) | 55 (44.7) | 49 (39.8) | 6.34¶ | 0.096¶ | — |
| Clinical | |||||||
| Duration, mo | — | 24.88 ± 39.83 | 47.12 ± 55.69 | 33.51 ± 44.78 | 6.48** | 0.002** | MDD vs. BD: p = 0.002 |
| First episode | — | 99 (79.8) | 48 (39.0) | 70 (56.9) | 42.72** | 0.08** | — |
| Medication | — | 69 (55.6) | 93 (75.6) | 82 (66.7) | 11.0** | 0.004** | — |
| Antipsychotic | — | 4 (3.2) | 10 (8.1) | 68 (55.3) | — | — | — |
| Mood stabilizer | — | 0 (0) | 7 (5.7) | 1 (0.8) | — | — | — |
| Antidepressant | — | 60 (48.4) | 14 (11.4) | 0 (0) | — | — | — |
| Combination | — | 5 (4.0) | 62 (50.4) | 13 (10.6) | — | — | — |
| HAM-D, total score* | — | 18.85 ± 9.81 | 10.54 ± 9.33 | 7.16 ± 6.66 | 50.47** | < 0.001** | MDD vs. SZ: p < 0.001 MDD vs. BD: p < 0.001 BD vs. SZ: p = 0.021 |
| HAM-A, total score† | — | 15.87 ± 10.68 | 7.59 ± 8.08 | 6.00 ± 7.08 | 36.44** | < 0.001** | MDD vs. SZ: p < 0.001 MDD vs. BD: p < 0.001 |
| YMRS, total score‡ | — | 1.51 ± 3.44 | 6.63 ± 9.49 | 1.84 ± 4.97 | 19.27** | < 0.001** | MDD vs. BD: p < 0.001 BD vs. SZ: p < 0.001 |
| BPRS, total score§ | — | 25.9 ± 6.83 | 25.36 ± 9.65 | 31.42 ± 11.93 | 10.93** | < 0.001** | MDD vs. SZ: p < 0.001 BD vs. SZ: p < 0.001 |
BD = bipolar disorder; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HAM-D = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MDD = major depressive disorder; SD = standard deviation; SZ = schizophrenia; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.
↵* Major depressive disorder, n = 122; bipolar disorder, n = 116; schizophrenia n = 91.
↵† Major depressive disorder, n = 115; bipolar disorder, n = 113; schizophrenia n = 77.
↵‡ Major depressive disorder, n = 110; bipolar disorder, n = 115; schizophrenia n = 69.
↵§ Major depressive disorder, n = 78; bipolar disorder, n = 73; schizophrenia n = 116.
↵¶ Examination among the healthy control, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia groups.
↵** Examination among the major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia groups.