Table 2

Meta-analyses per brain region in depression excluding comorbidity

				n			Meta-analysis results

Region	Analysis	Studies, n	k	Total	Control	Depression	Mean volume difference ± SE (95% CI), mL	p value	τ²	Q p	I², %
Total brain	DEP	10	13	1190	472	718	−7.371 ± 6.963 (−21.017 to 6.276)	0.29	0.000	0.48	0.00
	DEP-Mix	4	4	509	202	307	1.279 ± 10.776 (−19.841 to 22.400)	0.91	0.000	0.86	0.00
	DEP-EO	3	3	205	104	101	9.827 ± 16.042 (−21.615 to 41.269)	0.54	0.000	0.64	0.00
	DEP-LO	3	3	191	104	87	7.435 ± 15.440 (−22.828 to 37.697)	0.63	0.000	0.46	0.00
Grey matter	DEP	8	10	892	387	505	11.005 ± 4.810 (1.578 to 20.432)	0.022^*	22.880	0.55	9.86
	DEP-FE	3	3	178	98	80	15.396 ± 9.344 (−2.919 to 33.710)	0.10	0.000	0.44	0.00
White matter	DEP	7	8	779	320	459	3.662 ± 4.126 (−4.425 to 11.749)	0.37	0.000	0.49	0.00
Intracranial	DEP	23	30	2353	1083	1270	13.802 ± 6.204 (1.642 to 25.962)	0.026^*	191.157	0.27	17.78
	DEP-Mix	16	16	1686	809	877	12.765 ± 7.932 (−2.782 to 28.312)	0.11	230.603	0.19	24.89
	DEP-EO	4	4	365	233	132	21.650 ± 15.926 (−9.564 to 52.864)	0.17	0.000	0.45	0.00
	DEP-FE	3	3	282	197	85	20.913 ± 16.023 (−10.491 to 52.317)	0.19	0.000	0.33	0.00
	DEP-noMed	3	3	134	82	52	−37.443 ± 23.304 (−83.119 to 8.233)	0.11	0.000	0.65	0.00
Total hippocampus	DEP	22	28	2121	952	1169	0.246 ± 0.058 (0.133 to 0.360)	< 0.001^*	0.073	< 0.001^*	83.74^*
	DEP-Mix	16	17	1344	651	693	0.261 ± 0.077 (0.111 to 0.411)	< 0.001^*	0.080	< 0.001^*	85.31^*
	DEP-EO	3	3	275	156	119	0.107 ± 0.109 (−0.107 to 0.321)	0.33	0.022	0.07	62.09^*
	DEP-LO	5	5	409	223	186	0.373 ± 0.099 (0.179 to 0.567)	< 0.001^*	0.032	0.027^*	65.14^*
	DEP-FE	6	6	441	280	161	0.065 ± 0.119 (−0.168 to 0.297)	0.58	0.064	< 0.001^*	77.13^*
	DEP-Rem	4	4	274	158	116	−0.020 ± 0.068 (−0.153 to 0.113)	0.77	0.000	0.61	0.00
Right hippocampus	DEP	20	25	2006	903	1103	0.134 ± 0.030 (0.075 to 0.193)	< 0.001^*	0.015	< 0.001^*	69.53^*
	DEP-Mix	14	15	1229	602	627	0.128 ± 0.037 (0.056 to 0.201)	< 0.001^*	0.013	< 0.001^*	67.88^*
	DEP-EO	3	3	275	156	119	0.084 ± 0.050 (−0.015 to 0.183)	0.09	0.002	0.27	28.16
	DEP-LO	5	5	409	223	186	0.189 ± 0.061 (0.070 to 0.308)	0.002^*	0.010	0.05	57.59^*
	DEP-FE	6	6	441	280	161	0.032 ± 0.072 (−0.109 to 0.173)	0.65	0.021	0.007^*	68.74^*
	DEP-Rem	4	4	274	158	116	−0.007 ± 0.044 (−0.093 to 0.079)	0.88	0.000	0.65	0.00
Left hippocampus	DEP	20	25	2006	903	1103	0.124 ± 0.029 (0.067 to 0.180)	< 0.001^*	0.013	< 0.001^*	67.74^*
	DEP-Mix	14	15	1229	602	627	0.137 ± 0.034 (0.070 to 0.204)	< 0.001^*	0.010	0.001^*	62.22^*
	DEP-EO	3	3	275	156	119	0.036 ± 0.053 (−0.069 to 0.141)	0.50	0.003	0.18	39.69
	DEP-LO	5	5	409	223	186	0.167 ± 0.049 (0.071 to 0.264)	< 0.001^*	0.005	0.17	38.87
	DEP-FE	6	6	441	280	161	0.041 ± 0.049 (−0.055 to 0.137)	0.41	0.005	0.17	34.46
	DEP-Rem	4	4	274	158	116	−0.002 ± 0.043 (−0.086 to 0.082)	0.96	0.000	0.53	0.00
Total amygdala	DEP	9	12	705	314	391	0.199 ± 0.109 (−0.014 to 0.412)	0.07	0.130	< 0.001^*	93.25^*
	DEP-Mix	4	4	257	128	129	0.040 ± 0.075 (−0.108 to 0.188)	0.60	0.015	0.039^*	66.18^*
	DEP-FE	3	3	177	91	86	−0.146 ± 0.182 (−0.503 to 0.211)	0.42	0.087	< 0.001^*	89.00^*
	DEP-Rem	3	3	127	70	57	0.061 ± 0.157 (−0.246 to 0.369)	0.70	0.056	0.012^*	76.19^*
Right amygdala	DEP	9	12	705	314	391	0.094 ± 0.052 (−0.009 to 0.195)	0.07	0.026	< 0.001^*	84.76^*
	DEP-Mix	4	4	257	128	129	0.022 ± 0.030 (−0.037 to 0.080)	0.46	0.000	0.27	0.02
	DEP-FE	3	3	177	91	86	−0.074 ± 0.087 (−0.244 to 0.096)	0.40	0.016	0.017^*	73.80^*
	DEP-Rem	3	3	127	70	57	−0.003 ± 0.079 (−0.158 to 0.152)	0.97	0.009	0.14	48.99
Left amygdala	DEP	9	12	705	314	391	0.105 ± 0.056 (−0.004 to 0.213)	0.06	0.031	< 0.001^*	87.46^*
	DEP-Mix	4	4	257	128	129	0.028 ± 0.042 (−0.053 to 0.110)	0.50	0.003	0.12	49.46
	DEP-FE	3	3	177	91	86	−0.064 ± 0.099 (−0.257 to 0.130)	0.52	0.024	0.001^*	82.32^*
	DEP-Rem	3	3	127	70	57	0.050 ± 0.083 (−0.113 to 0.212)	0.55	0.013	0.06	62.05^*
Total putamen	DEP	6	6	607	268	339	0.335 ± 0.124 (0.092 to 0.578)	0.007^*	0.053	0.029^*	58.96^*
	DEP-Mix	4	4	435	180	255	0.148 ± 0.096 (−0.040 to 0.336)	0.12	0.000	0.42	0.00
Right putamen	DEP	6	6	607	268	339	0.167 ± 0.053 (0.063 to 0.271)	0.002^*	0.001	0.50	2.61
	DEP-Mix	4	4	435	180	255	0.087 ± 0.070 (−0.049 to 0.223)	0.21	0.000	0.73	0.00
Left putamen	DEP	6	6	607	268	339	0.171 ± 0.076 (0.022 to 0.321)	0.025^*	0.015	0.12	44.32
	DEP-Mix	4	4	435	180	255	0.059 ± 0.066 (−0.070 to 0.188)	0.37	0.000	0.61	0.00
Total caudate	DEP	6	6	600	249	351	0.118 ± 0.083 (−0.045 to 0.281)	0.16	0.015	0.13	36.44
	DEP-Mix	4	4	428	161	267	0.121 ± 0.146 (−0.166 to 0.407)	0.41	0.052	0.048^*	62.73^*
Right caudate	DEP	6	6	600	249	351	0.044 ± 0.042 (−0.039 to 0.126)	0.30	0.000	0.54	0.03
	DEP-Mix	4	4	428	161	267	0.041 ± 0.063 (−0.083 to 0.164)	0.52	0.002	0.30	14.86
Left caudate	DEP	6	6	600	249	351	0.078 ± 0.047 (−0.015 to 0.170)	0.10	0.002	0.34	11.50
	DEP-Mix	4	4	428	161	267	0.091 ± 0.073 (−0.052 to 0.234)	0.21	0.009	0.15	41.19
Total pallidum	DEP	4	4	306	161	145	0.079 ± 0.045 (−0.009 to 0.168)	0.08	0.002	0.28	29.36
Right pallidum	DEP	4	4	306	161	145	0.050 ± 0.024 (0.003 to 0.097)	0.039^*	0.000	0.91	0.00
Left pallidum	DEP	4	4	306	161	145	0.028 ± 0.037 (−0.045 to 0.101)	0.45	0.002	0.15	44.08
Total thalamus	DEP	3	3	233	113	120	0.433 ± 0.140 (0.158 to 0.708)	0.002^*	0.000	0.63	0.00
Right thalamus	DEP	3	3	233	113	120	0.220 ± 0.096 (0.032 to 0.408)	0.022^*	0.000	0.80	0.00
Left thalamus	DEP	3	3	233	113	120	0.217 ± 0.102 (0.016 to 0.418)	0.034^*	0.000	0.78	0.00

CI = confidence interval; DEP = depression; EO = early onset; FE = first episode; I² = proportion real differences; between studies; k = number of samples or subsamples; LO = late onset; Mix = mixed group; noMed = not taking antidepressants; Q p = Q statistic p value; Rem = remission; SE = standard error; τ² = variance of true effects.
↵* Significance at p ≤ 0.05 and I² > 50%.