Cluster-wise regression analyses of the association between CBCL ADHP score, NEPSY-II-NL ATT/EF score and gyrification*
| Cluster | Detection | Retention | Retained for mediation anaysis§ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBCL ADHP and gyrification | NEPSY-II-NL ATT/EF and gyrification clusters identified with CBCL ADHP | ||||||||
| b (95% CI) | β | p value† | Model R2‡ | b (95% CI) | β | p value§ | Model R2‡ | ||
| Left hemisphere | |||||||||
| Frontal/temporal/parietal (LH1) | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.02) | −0.14 | < 0.001 | 0.15 | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07) | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.14 | No |
| Superior parietal/postcentral (LH2) | −0.04 (−0.06 to −0.01) | −0.11 | 0.006 | 0.09 | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.10) | 0.04 | 0.32 | 0.08 | No |
| Right hemisphere | |||||||||
| Frontal/temporal/parietal (RH1) | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.02) | −0.13 | < 0.001 | 0.15 | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.10) | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.14 | No |
| Cluster | NEPSY-II-NL ATT/EF and gyrification | CBCL ADHP and gyrification clusters identified with NEPSY-II-NL ATT/EF | Retained for mediation analysis§ | ||||||
| b (95% CI) | β | p value† | Model R2‡ | b (95% CI) | β | p value§ | Model R2‡ | ||
| Left hemisphere | |||||||||
| Inferior parietal (LH3) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.12) | 0.08 | 0.030 | 0.08 | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.01) | −0.06 | 0.13 | 0.07 | No |
| Frontal (LH4) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.09) | 0.09 | 0.020 | 0.07 | −0.02 (−0.04 to −0.01) | −0.10 | 0.007 | 0.08 | Yes |
| Right hemisphere | |||||||||
| Frontal/parietal (RH2) | 0.09 (0.03 to 0.15) | 0.11 | 0.004 | 0.10 | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.00) | −0.07 | 0.07 | 0.10 | Yes |
| Frontal/temporal (RH3) | 0.10 (−0.01 to 0.21) | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.11 | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.00) | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.11 | No |
| Occipital (RH4) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.12) | 0.08 | 0.023 | 0.05 | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.00) | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.04 | Yes |
ADHP = attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems; ATT/EF = attention and executive functioning; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; CI = confidence interval; NEPSY = Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment.
↵* The CBCL ADHP and NEPSY ATT/EF scores were square root transformed, therefore b values are not interpretable. Both determinant (CBCL/NEPSY) and outcome (gyrification) were residualized for age during assessment/scanning. Analyses adjusted for child sex, nationality, gestational age at birth, birth weight, psychostimulant use, IQ, maternal education, drinking during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy and household income. A higher CBCL ADHP score indicates more attention and hyperactivity symptoms, a higher NEPSY score indicates better functioning.
↵† To identify clusters in the discovery phase, the α-level was set to 0.05.
↵‡ The explained variance (model R2) is provided for the whole model, including covariates.
↵§ To define clusters as consistent and select them for the mediation analysis, the α-level was set to 0.1 (association at trend level or significant).