Functional imaging studies of individuals at risk for bipolar disorder: imaging results
| Study | Year | Areas analyzed | FWHM | Tesla | Antip | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cecil et al.53 | 2003 | Frontal cortex, frontal white matter, cerebellar vermis | 1.5 | 1.5 | Y | Lower levels of cerebellar NAA and creatine and elevated frontal mI levels for children with a mood disorder than healthy children. |
| Gallelli et al.54 | 2005 | Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | ? | 3 | Y | No significant group differences in prefrontal NAA/creatine rations or in additional metabolites (myoinositol, choline) |
| Krüger et al.55 | 2006 | Whole brain + ROIs | 10 | ? | N | HR showed increased RBF in the medial frontal cortex while patients showed decreased RBF |
| Hajek et al.38 | 2008 | Prefrontal cortices | ? | 1.5 | N | No significant differences in choline, creatine, NAA, myoinositol of HR |
| Drapier et al.56 | 2008 | Whole brain | ? | 1.5 | N | During the 2-back task the HR showed greater activation in the left frontal pole than controls |
| Costafreda et al.57 | 2009 | Inferior frontal gyrus | 8 | 1.5 | N | No significant differences in HR individuals as compared with controls |
| Thermenos et al.58 | 2010 | Whole brain + ROIs | 8 | 1.5 | N | HR failed to suppress activation in the left anterior insula, in the orbitofrontal cortex and superior parietal cortex and showed greater activation than BD in the left frontopolar cortex |
| Allin et al.59 | 2010 | Whole brain | ? | 1.5 | N | BD and HR showed similar deficits of deactivation in retrosplenial cortex and reduced activation of left prefrontal cortex |
| Singh et al.60 | 2010 | Anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex | ? | 3 | Y | No significant differences between HR and C |
| Surguladze et al.61 | 2010 | Whole brain + ROIs | ? | 1.5 | N | Activity in medial prefrontal cortex, left putamen and amygdala is greater in BD and in HR as compared with controls |
Antip = antipsychotic exposure; BD = bipolar disorder; C = controls; FWHM = full-width at half-maximum; HR = high risk for bipolar disorder; N = no; NAA = N-acetylaspartate; RBF = regional blood flow; ROI = region of interest; SVC = small volume correction; Y = yes.