Table 1

Structural imaging studies of individuals at risk for bipolar disorder: study characteristics

Group; no. (% female) [age, yr]
StudyYearTechniqueType of riskAssessment instrumentsLifetime/current diagnoses HRControlsHRBD
Noga et al.12001MRI (ROI)MZ twinsSCIDNone22 (54) [30]6 (83) [34]6 (83) [34]
Kieseppä et al.272003MRI (ROI)MZ and DZ twinsSCIDAnxiety disorder, substance use disorder (alcohol dependence)27 (48) [47]15 (60) [44]24 (46) [44]
Ahearn et al.282002MRI (qualitative)Relatives of BD patientsSCID, DDESNone10 [38]8 [50]
Connor et al.292004MRI (ROI)First-degree relativesSADS-L, FHRDC, FIGSNonpsychotic Axis-1 disorders (mostly MDD)219 (47) [34]54 (52) [44]39 (61) [41]
McDonald et al.302004MRI (VBM)First-degree relativesSADS-L, FIGS, SSPAxis-1 disorders (mostly MDD)50 (52) [44]37 (59) [41]
McIntosh et al.312004MRI (VBM+SVC)First- or second-degree relativesSADS-L, HAM-D, YMRS, PANSSNone49 (53) [35]22 (59) [35]26 (46) [34]
McIntosh et al.322005MRI (VBM+SVC)First- or second-degree relativesSADS-L, HAM-D, YMRS, PANSSNone49 (53) [35]22 (59) [35]26 (46) [34]
Gulseren et al.332006MRI (qualitative)Sibling of BD patientsSCIDNone12 (33) [30]12 (50) [29]12 (33) [31]
McDonald et al.342006MRI (ROI)First-degree relativesSADS-L, FIGS, SSPMDD, panic disorder without agoraphobia54 (54) [40]52 (52) [44]
McIntosh et al.352006MRI (VBM+SVC)First- or second-degree relativesSADS-L, HAM-D, YMRS, PANSSNone49 (53) [35]22 (59) [35]
Frazier et al.362007DTIFirst-degree relativeK-SADS-E, YMRS, CDRS-R, GAFAnxiety disorder, ADHD, conduct/ODD, pervasive developmental disorder, PTSD8 (37) [9]7 (43) [9]
Hajek et al.372008MRI (ROI)Offspring of BD patientsK-SADS-PL/L, HAM-D, YMRSNone31 (64) [21]24 (62) [20]19 (73) [21]
Hajek et al.382008MRI (ROI)First- or second-degree relativesK-SADS-PL/LNone31 (64) [21]24 (62) [20]19 (73) [21]
Ladouceur et al.52008MRI (VBM+SVC)Healthy bipolar offspringK-SADS-PL, SCIDAnxiety disorder22 (68) [14]20 (55) [13]
Mondelli et al.392008MRI (ROI)First-degree relativesSADS-L, FIGS, PANSSNone46 (52) [40]38 (50) [42]29 (62) [40]
Singh et al.402008MRI (ROI)Children of BD patientsK-SADS-PL, C-GAS, FIGSAnxiety disorder, ADHD, cyclothymia, dysthymia, MDD, ODD24 (54) [10]21 (43) [10]
Chaddock et al.412009DTIFirst-degree relativesSADS-L, BDI, ASRMMDD, substance-induced mood disorder18 (44) [42]21 (43) [42]19 (53) [43]
Kempton et al.422009MRI (VBM–ROI)First-degree relativesSCID, HAM-D, YMRS, FIGS, BPRSMDD52 (48) [35]50 (52) [34]30 (50) [39]
Hajek et al.432009MRI (ROI)Offspring of parents with mood disorderK-SADS-PL, SADS-LNone31 (64) [21]26 (65) [20]20 (75) [21]
Hajek et al.442010MRI (ROI)Offspring of BD parentsK-SADS-PL, SADS-LNone18 (61) [23]20 (55) [20]15 (73) [22]
Hajek et al.452009MRI (ROI)Relatives of BD patientsK-SADS-PL, SADS-LNone31 (64) [21]26 (65) [20]20 (75) [21]
van der Schot et al.462009MRI (ROI)MZ or DZ twinsSCID, IDS, YMRS, FIGSAlcohol use disorder, BPD, depressive disorder NOS, dissociative disorder NOS, MDD, mood disorder due to hyperthyroidism, OCD, panic disorder without agoraphobia, personality disorder NOS, schizophrenia (paranoid type)134 (57) [39]37 [41]63 [41]
Walterfang et al.472009MRI (ROI)Relatives of BD patientsSCID, HAM-D, YMRS, BPRS, GAF, FIGSNone75 (48) [36]45 (51) [35]70 (53) [43]
Gunde et al.482010MRI (qualitative)Relatives of BD patientsSADS-L, K-SADS-PLNone49 (63) [22]79 (68) [21]35 (74) [21]
Takahashi et al.492010MRI (ROI)First-degree relativesSCID, HAM-D, YMRS, FIGSMDD52 (46) [36]49 (53) [34]29 (48) [40]
Forcada et al.502010MRI (VBM)Relatives of BD patientsSCID, HAM-D, YMRS, BPRSMDD, anxiety disorder, substance abuse27 [21]41 [25]
van der Schot et al.512010MRIMZ or DZ twinsSCID, IDS, YMRS, FIGSAlcohol use disorder, BPD, depressive disorder NOS, dissociative disorder NOS, MDD, mood disorder due to hyperthyroidism, OCD, panic disorder without agoraphobia, personality disorder NOS, schizophrenia (paranoid type)134 (57) [39]37 [41]63 [41]
Versace et al.522010DTIOffspring of BD parentsSCID, K-SADS-PL, MFQ, CALS, SCAREDNone25 (72) [14]20 (55) [13]

  • ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASRM = Altman Self-Rated Mania Scale; BD = bipolar disorder; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BPD = borderline personality disorder; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CALS = Child Affect Lability Scale; CDRS-R = Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised; C-GAS = Child Global Assessment Scale; DDES = Duke Depression Evaluation Schedule; DTI = diffusion tensor imaging; DZ = dizygotic; E-YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale; FHRDC = Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria; FIGS = Family Interview for Genetic Studies; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning; HAM-D = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HR = high risk for bipolar disorder; IDS = Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology; K-SADS-E = Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; MDD = major depressive disorder; MFQ = Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MZ = monozygotic; NOS = not otherwise specified; OCD = obsessive–compulsive personality disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; ROI = region of interest; SADS-PL/P/L = Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version; SADS-E = Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Epidemiologic version; SCARED = Screen for Childhood Anxiety and Related Disorders; SCID = Structured Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III/IV; SSP = Schedule of Schizotypal Personalities; SVC = small volume correction; VBM = voxel-based morphometry; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.