Participant demographic and neuropsychological characteristics
| Characteristic | Group; mean (SD)* | Degrees of freedom | p value‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | bvFTD† | |||
| Age, yr | 62.4 (10.8) | 65.3 (8.1) | 36 | 0.30 |
| Sex, male: female, no. | 13:5 | 15:5 | 1 | 0.88 |
| Handedness right:left, no. | 16:2 | 18:1§ | 1 | 0.51 |
| Education, yr | 15.1 (3.5) | 11.3 (3.0) | 36 | 0.001 |
| Illness duration, yr | NA | 5.4 (3.3) | NA | |
| MMSE | 27.1 (4.2) | 20.6 (6.9) | 35 | 0.002 |
| Immediate prose recall | 9.9 (4.1) | 4.3 (3.7) | 29 | < 0.001 |
| Delayed prose recall | 8.9 (4.2) | 3.0 (3.5) | 29 | < 0.001 |
| Letter fluency | 31.8 (15.5) | 17.6 (11.8) | 32 | 0.006 |
| Semantic fluency | 15.4 (6.7) | 9.6 (6.3) | 32 | 0.010 |
| Object naming | 19.5 (1.5) | 16.6 (4.4) | 28 | 0.020 |
| Spontaneous clock draw | 8.5 (2.0) | 7.9 (2.5) | 29 | 0.41 |
| Clock copying | 9.3 (1.3) | 8.2 (2.4) | 28 | 0.11 |
| Trails A, s | 38.6 (11.1) | 55.5 (29.8) | 27 | 0.05 |
| ANART | 13.4 (8.9) | 33.8 (8.7) | 27 | < 0.001 |
| WCST categories | 5.5 (0.9) | 3.1 (2.1) | 24 | 0.001 |
ANART = American National Adult Reading Test; bvFTD = behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia; MMSE = Mini Mental Status Examination; SD = standard deviation; Trails A = Trail Making Test A; WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.
↵* Unless otherwise indicated.
↵† Not all patients completed all neuropsychological tests (Appendix 1, Table S2, for neuropsychological test sample sizes).
↵‡ Values are bvFTD compared with controls for t tests. We used the χ2 analysis for sex and handedness.
↵§ One patient with bvFTD was ambidextrous.