Demographic variables and clinical characteristics of children with bipolar disorder and healthy controls
| Group; mean (SD)* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Pediatric bipolar disorder, n = 34 | Healthy controls, n = 40 | Statistical test | p value |
| Age, yr† | 13.9 (2.3) | 14.9 (2.7) | F1,72 = 2.71 | 0.10 |
| Estimated IQ‡ | 104.1 (9.6) | 108.5 (11.2) | F1,72 = 3.22 | 0.08 |
| YMRS score | 22.8 (7.6) | 2.4 (3.3) | F1,72 = 237.30 | < 0.001 |
| CDRS-R score | 43.4 (9.9) | 21.6 (5.0) | F1,72 = 149.84 | < 0.001 |
| BRIEF overall score§ | 166.1 (60.8) | 80.3 (17.4) | F1,58 = 55.30 | < 0.001 |
| Metacognition/executive domain | 94.4 (39.4) | 47.2 (11.3) | F1,58 = 39.71 | < 0.001 |
| Emotional regulation | 43.1 (18.8) | 21.9 (5.9) | F1,58 = 34.65 | < 0.001 |
| Behavioural regulation | 28.6 (7.7) | 11.1 (2.35) | F1,58 = 140.94 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, no. (%) | χ21 = 0.18 | 0.67 | ||
| Male | 17 (50.0) | 18 (45.0) | ||
| Female | 17 (50.0) | 22 (55.0) | ||
| Handedness, no. (%) | χ21 = 0.94 | 0.33 | ||
| Left | 2 (5.9) | 5 (12.5) | ||
| Right | 32 (94.1) | 35 (87.5) | ||
| Race composition, no. (%) | χ24 = 2.29 | 0.68 | ||
| White | 17 (50.0) | 18 (45.0) | ||
| Black | 10 (29.4) | 11 (27.5) | ||
| Hispanic | 4 (11.8) | 6 (15.0) | ||
| Asian | 2 (5.9) | 5 (12.5) | ||
| Other | 1 (2.9) | |||
| Comorbidity, no. (%) | ||||
| None | 22 (64.7) | |||
| ADHD | 5 (14.7) | |||
| ODD | 4 (11.8) | |||
| Other | 3 (8.8) | |||
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BRIEF = Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function; (30) CDRS-R = Child Depression Rating Scale-Revised; (31) ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; SD = standard deviation; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale. (32)
↵* Unless otherwise indicated.
↵† Age range 10–18 years.
↵‡ Estimate IQ range 85–134.
↵§ Thirty of 40 in the control group and 30 of 34 in the pediatric bipolar disorder group had parent-reported BRIEF scores.