Donepezil in schizophrenia: characteristics of included studies
| Reference | Study design | Patients | Treatment | Outcome measures† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis | No. of patients | Mean age (and SD), yr | Nicotine use, % | Duration, wk | Dose ChEI, mg/d | Antipsychotic agent use with ChEI | Anti-cholinergic medications* | |||
| Buchanan et al42 | OPrT | Schz. Schzaff | 14 | 43.1 (7.2) | ? | 6 | 10 | Olanzapine | Not clearly reported | BPRS, SANS, Digit Symbol, RAVLT, BVRT, CPT, GPT‡ |
| Stryjer et al44 | OPrT | Schz. comorbid dementia | 6 | 65 (?) | ? | 4 | 5 | Clotiapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone | Allowed | MMSE,§ PANSS,NS ADAS-cog, CGI (S&I)§ |
| Erickson et al45 | RCT | Schz. Schzaff | 15 | 43 (5.2) | ? | 18 | 5 | Chlorpromazine, clozapine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone | Allowed | PANSS,NS TMTNS (A&B), RAVLT‡ |
| Freudenreich et al46 | RCT | Schz. | 36 | 48.7 (?) | 80 | 8 | 10 | Aripiprazole, fluphenazine, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprazidone | NA | PANSS, SANS,CDSS, Digit Span, TMT (A&B), HVLT-R, BOWAT, GPT |
| Friedman et al47 | RCT | Schz. | 36 | 48.8 (11.1) | 78 | 12 | 5 or 10 | Risperidone | NA | PANSS, CPT,NS Digit Span, SSWMT, TMT (A&B), WCST, RAVLT Verbal fluency |
| Mazeh et al48 | RCT (Crossover) | Schz. comorbid dementia | 17 | 70.2 (6.51) | ? | 24 | 10 | Clozapine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, olanzapine, penfluridol, perphenazine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zuclopenthixol | Allowed | PANSS, ADAS-cog, CGI |
| Nahas et al49 | RCT (Crossover) fMRI | Schz. Schzaff | 6 | 36.8 (11) | ? | 12 | 10 | Olanzapine, risperidone | NA | PANSS, COWATNS |
| Tugal et al50 | RCT (Crossover) | Schz. | 12 | 38 (10.2) 29.2 (5.9) | ? | 12 | 5 | Fluphenazine, pimozide | NA | PANSS, CDSS WMS-R,¶ TMT (A&B), WCST, WAIS-Block design, WHO-verbal fluency |
ADAS-cog55 = Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale; BOWAT60 = Benton Oral Word Association Test; BPRS51 = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; BVRT43 = Benton Visual Retention Test; CDSS63= Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; CGI (S&I) 64= Clinical Global Impression (severity and improvement); ChEI = cholinesterase inhibitor; COWAT43 = Controlled Oral Word Associate Task; CPT58= Continuous Performance Task; DSPT55,57 = Digital Span Distraction Test; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; GPT43 = Grooved-Pegboard Test; HVLT-R 65= Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (Revised); MMSE54 = Mini Mental State Examination; NA = not allowed; NS = modest trend toward improvement not statistically significant; OPrT = open prospective trial; PANSS52 = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RCT = randomized, placebo-controlled trial; RAVLT56 = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; SANS53 = Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; Schz. = schizophrenia; Schz-aff = schizo-affective disorder; SSWMT61 = Simple Spatial Working Memory Test; SD = standard deviation; TMT (A&B)56 = Trail Making Test (part A and B); WAIS62 = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WSCT59 = Winsconsin Card Sorting Test; WMS-R57 = Wechsler Memory Scale (Revised); WHO-verbal fluency66= World Health Organization-verbal fluency test.
↵* Concomitant use of antipsychotic drugs or other medications considered as strongly anticholinergic, such as anticholinergic agents (e.g., biperiden, trihexyphenidyl), low-potency conventional antipsychotic drugs (e.g., chlorpromazine), clozapine and tricyclic antidepressants.
↵† Outcomes measures focusing on mental state and neuropsychological assessments.
↵‡ p < 0.05
↵§ p < 0.01
↵¶ Figural memory p < 0.05, visual reproduction and paired associates, logical memory, verbal paired associates.