Psychopathological and socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristic | Group; mean (SD)* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy, n = 35 | Bipolar, n = 37 | Nondelusional schizophrenia, n = 25 | Delusional s chizophrenia, n = 5 | |
| Age, yr | 35.1 (10.0)† | 40.9 (9.5) | 37.3 (11.6) | 31.2 (10.0) |
| Range | 19–55 | 20–56 | 21–56 | 18–43 |
| Sex, male:female | 16:19 | 24:13‡ | 17:8 | 4:1 |
| Education, no. of years | 15.4 (2.4)†§ | 15.3 (4.0)¶** | 13.0 (3.1) | 11.6 (1.7) |
| Quick Test IQ score | 107.3 (12.1) | 112.2 (11.1)** | 102.2 (11.6) | 101.6 (7.3) |
| K-BIT IQ score | ||||
| Vocabulary | 107.0 (17.3)†§ | 109.4 (18.7)¶** | 96.4 (10.6) | 90.4 (12.5) |
| Matrices | 105.8 (18.2)§ | 99.8 (9.8) | 96.4 (12.5) | 98.6 (15.8) |
| Composite | 107.0 (16.2) | 103.7 (9.9) | 100.2 (20.8) | 94.0 (15.8) |
| Social status | 36.0 (13.7) | 30.4 (15.5) | 27.2 (14.0) | 46.0 (18.4) |
| Illness duration, yr | N/A | 14.2 (9.6) | 14.8 (10.9) | 13.4 (7.1) |
| Chlorpromazine equivalent, mg | N/A | 28.1 (90.2)‡ | 204.7 (401.3) | 114.5 (121.9) |
| Delusions | N/A | 0.4 (0.7) **†† | 1.2 (1.1)‡‡ | 4 (0) |
| Guilt or worthlessness | N/A | 0 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0 (0) |
| Grandiose | N/A | 0 (0) **†† | 0.3 (0.5)‡‡ | 1.6 (1.8) |
| Paranoid | N/A | 0.3 (0.6)** | 0.5 (1.1)‡‡ | 3.8 (0.4) |
| Schneiderian | N/A | 0.2 (0.5)** | 0.4 (0.9)¶¶ | 1.4 (1.3) |
| Hallucinations | N/A | 0.3 (0.8)¶ | 0.5 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.9) |
| Thought disorder | N/A | 0.2 (0.5)ঠ| 0.8 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.4) |
| Flat affect | N/A | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.4) |
| Poverty of speech | N/A | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0 (0) |
| Underactivity | N/A | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0 (0) |
K-BIT = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test;20 SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless otherwise indicated. Symptom scores are derived from the Signs and Symptoms of Psychotic Illness rating scale.17
↵† Delusional schizophrenia v. healthy, p < 0.05.
↵‡ Nondelusional schizophrenia v. bipolar, p < 0.05.
↵§ Nondelusional schizophrenia v. healthy, p < 0.05.
↵¶ Delusional schizophrenia v. bipolar, p < 0.05.
↵** Nondelusional schizophrenia v. bipolar, p < 0.01.
↵†† Delusional schizophrenia v. bipolar, p < 0.01.
↵‡‡ Delusional schizophrenia v. nondelusional schizophrenia, p < 0.01.
↵¶¶ Delusional schizophrenia v. nondelusional schizophrenia, p < 0.05.