Table 2

Comparison of neurocognitive function between groups

Variable	Early-onset OCD (n = 49)	Late-onset OCD (n = 52)	Healthy controls (n = 103)	F	p value	Post hoc tests
Visuospatial ability: construction and memory, mean ± SD
RCFT copy	17.63 ± 2.87	18.52 ± 1.15	18.39 ± 1.17	F_2,181 = 3.76	< 0.05	EO < LO^*; EO < controls^†
RCFT IR	12.02 ± 3.90	12.88 ± 3.05	13.51 ± 2.73	F_2,181 = 3.40	< 0.05	EO < controls^*
RCFT DR	12.31 ± 3.63	12.44 ± 3.17	13.11 ± 2.98	F_2,181 = 1.20	0.30	NS
Verbal fluency, mean ± SD
COWAT letter	41.33 ± 9.54	40.71 ± 12.80	45.42 ± 9.96	F_2,180 = 3.87	< 0.05	LO < controls^*
COWAT category	38.48 ± 8.11	39.58 ± 9.10	42.02 ± 8.72	F_2,180 = 2.87	0.06	LO < controls^†
Executive function, organization, mean ± SD
WAIS PA	11.45 ± 1.92	11.45 ± 2.20	11.34 ± 1.93	F_2,200 = 0.08	0.93	NS
WAIS BD	13.35 ± 2.48	12.98 ± 2.67	14.03 ± 2.42	F_2,200 = 3.35	< 0.05	LO < controls^*
RCFT organization	5.90 ± 1.84	5.69 ± 1.91	6.39 ± 1.54	F_2,181 = 2.86	0.06	LO < controls^†
Executive function, cognitive flexibility, mean ± SD
IED errors	17.62 ± 10.00	19.08 ± 11.07	13.07 ± 8.70	F_2,160 = 5.98	< 0.01	LO > controls^*; EO > controls^
Decision-making, mean ± SD
CGT decision-making	0.91 ± 0.11	0.89 ± 0.14	0.92 ± 0.09	F_2,144 = 0.73	0.48	NS
CGT risk-taking	0.55 ± 0.13	0.55 ± 0.14	0.58 ± 0.14	F_2,144 = 0.62	0.54	NS

BD = block design; CGT = Cambridge Gambling Task; COWAT = Controlled Oral Word Association Test; DR = delayed recall; EO = early-onset OCD; IED = Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift; IR = immediate recall; LO = late-onset OCD; OCD = obsessive–compulsive disorder; NS = not significant; PA = picture arrangement; RCFT = Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; SD = standard deviation; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
↵* p < 0.05.
↵** p < 0.01.
↵† p at trend level.