Variable | Early-onset OCD (n = 49) | Late-onset OCD (n = 52) | Healthy controls (n = 103) | F | p value | Post hoc tests |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visuospatial ability: construction and memory, mean ± SD | ||||||
RCFT copy | 17.63 ± 2.87 | 18.52 ± 1.15 | 18.39 ± 1.17 | F2,181 = 3.76 | < 0.05 | EO < LO*; EO < controls† |
RCFT IR | 12.02 ± 3.90 | 12.88 ± 3.05 | 13.51 ± 2.73 | F2,181 = 3.40 | < 0.05 | EO < controls* |
RCFT DR | 12.31 ± 3.63 | 12.44 ± 3.17 | 13.11 ± 2.98 | F2,181 = 1.20 | 0.30 | NS |
Verbal fluency, mean ± SD | ||||||
COWAT letter | 41.33 ± 9.54 | 40.71 ± 12.80 | 45.42 ± 9.96 | F2,180 = 3.87 | < 0.05 | LO < controls* |
COWAT category | 38.48 ± 8.11 | 39.58 ± 9.10 | 42.02 ± 8.72 | F2,180 = 2.87 | 0.06 | LO < controls† |
Executive function, organization, mean ± SD | ||||||
WAIS PA | 11.45 ± 1.92 | 11.45 ± 2.20 | 11.34 ± 1.93 | F2,200 = 0.08 | 0.93 | NS |
WAIS BD | 13.35 ± 2.48 | 12.98 ± 2.67 | 14.03 ± 2.42 | F2,200 = 3.35 | < 0.05 | LO < controls* |
RCFT organization | 5.90 ± 1.84 | 5.69 ± 1.91 | 6.39 ± 1.54 | F2,181 = 2.86 | 0.06 | LO < controls† |
Executive function, cognitive flexibility, mean ± SD | ||||||
IED errors | 17.62 ± 10.00 | 19.08 ± 11.07 | 13.07 ± 8.70 | F2,160 = 5.98 | < 0.01 | LO > controls**; EO > controls* |
Decision-making, mean ± SD | ||||||
CGT decision-making | 0.91 ± 0.11 | 0.89 ± 0.14 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | F2,144 = 0.73 | 0.48 | NS |
CGT risk-taking | 0.55 ± 0.13 | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 0.58 ± 0.14 | F2,144 = 0.62 | 0.54 | NS |
BD = block design; CGT = Cambridge Gambling Task; COWAT = Controlled Oral Word Association Test; DR = delayed recall; EO = early-onset OCD; IED = Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift; IR = immediate recall; LO = late-onset OCD; OCD = obsessive–compulsive disorder; NS = not significant; PA = picture arrangement; RCFT = Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; SD = standard deviation; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
↵* p < 0.05.
↵** p < 0.01.
↵† p at trend level.