Table 1

Characteristics of included studies

					Comparator; mean ± SD

Study type	Included diagnoses	No. of effect sizes^*	No. of patients	No. of controls	Men, %	Age, yr	Study quality
Case–control studies
Anxiety-related disorders47–58,60–92,240	Panic, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, posttraumatic stress, or obsessive–compulsive disorder, specific phobia	47	1365	1469	42.039 ± 22.244	35.752 ± 5.241	11.872 ± 1.907
Mood disorders50,68,73,90,93–137	Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder	52	2838	2882	38.031 ± 18.543	38.706 ± 7.850	11.788 ± 1.775
Psychotic disorders73,107,113,138–175	Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder	41	1713	1660	57.493 ± 15.080	35.127 ± 6.332	11.756 ± 1.729
Substance dependence disorders159,176–186	Alcohol, methamphetamine, opioid dependence	11	310	415	84.836 ± 17.021	10.324 ± 5.958	11.364 ± 1.748
Total	—	151	6226	6426	47.726 ± 22.637	36.933 ± 6.712	11.775 ± 1.789
Treatment studies
Antidepressants^†76,83,93,110,116,129,187–201	Major depressive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder	31	570	—	37.981 ± 12.797	42.412 ± 6.899	11.226 ± 1.892
Antipsychotics^‡138,141,155,175,202–206	Schizophrenia	12	262	—	57.594 ± 14.892	34.668 ± 4.742	11.167 ± 1.586
Total	—	43	832	—	44.342 ± 16.235	40.029 ± 7.224	11.209 ± 1.794

NASSA = noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; SD = standard deviation; SNRI = serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA = tricyclic antidepressant.
↵* Number of effect sizes differs from the number of studies included owing to some studies reporting multiple effect sizes for different disorders or subgroups. If studies reported a common control group, effect sizes were adjusted by dividing the number of controls by the number of comparisons made. Subgroups within disorders were pooled where sufficient information was provided for effect size estimates.
↵† Includes NASSA, SNRI, SSRI and TCA.
↵‡ Includes atypical and typical antipsychotics.