Table 1

Participant demographics and clinical characteristics

Variable*Healthy controls (n = 318)Major psychiatric disorders (n = 733)t/χ2p value
Demographics
 Age at scan, yr28.59 ± 10.1927.27 ± 10.241.930.054
 Sex, M/F131/187267/4662.140.14
 Smoker, yes/no/unknown27/132/15966/251/4160.990.32
Clinical characteristics
 First episode, yes/no/unknownNA475/202/56——
 Medication, yes/no/unknownNA484/247/2——
 Duration, moNA33.79 ± 56.26——
 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, total score1.26 ± 2.2913.16 ± 10.32−28.006< 0.001
 Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, total score1.32 ± 2.9711.14 ± 10.15−22.730< 0.001
 Young Mania Rating Scale, total score0.31 ± 0.973.40 ± 6.85−11.699< 0.001
 Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, total score18.51 ± 1.8929.08 ± 9.91−23.104< 0.001
 NRG1-β1†9.92 ± 1.849.48 ± 1.976.6590.011
 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (cognitive function)‡
  Correct responses29.81 ± 12.0424.00 ± 11.846.238< 0.001
  Categories completed3.83 ± 2.172.82 ± 2.066.134< 0.001
  Total errors18.25 ± 12.1423.87 ± 11.87−6.001< 0.001
  Perseverative errors6.54 ± 6.969.58 ± 9.16−4.998< 0.001
  Nonperseverative errors11.59 ± 6.9814.34 ± 7.40−4.825< 0.001

  • F = female; M = male; NA = not applicable; NRG1 = neuregulin 1.

  • ↵* Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise specified.

  • ↵† Healthy controls, n = 141; major psychiatric disorders, n = 190.

  • ↵‡ Healthy controls, n = 249; major psychiatric disorders, n = 470.