Results of multiple moderator analyses for ERN
| ERN | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderator | Category (k) | SMD (95% CI) | Q | I2 | p value |
| Clinical diagnosis group | Child ADHD (4) | 0.46 (0.26 to 0.65) | 0.51 | 0% | 0.92 |
| Adult ADHD (7) | 0.40 (0.05 to 0.75) | 13.69 | 56% | 0.03 | |
| Clinical addiction (8) | 0.56 (0.18 to 0.94) | 12.93 | 46% | 0.07 | |
| Subclinical addiction (4) | 0.36 (−0.51 to 1.24) | 11.03 | 73% | 0.01 | |
| Other (4) | 0.44 (0.22 to 0.67) | 0.67 | 0% | 0.88 | |
| Comorbidity | Yes, mixed (5) | 0.58 (0.43 to 0.73) | 0.76 | 0% | 0.94 |
| Yes, internalizing (2) | – | – | – | – | |
| Yes, externalizing (5) | 0.40 0.19 to 0.61) | 1.54 | 0% | 0.82 | |
| No (15) | 0.40 (0.19 to 0.60) | 23.80 | 41% | 0.04 | |
| Experimental paradigm | Flanker (22) | 0.43 (0.27 to 0.59) | 31.92 | 34.2% | 0.04 |
| Go/no-go (5) | 0.46 (−0.10 to 1.01) | 8.52 | 53% | 0.07 | |
| Performance feedback | Yes (17) | 0.43 (0.27 to 0.58) | 16.97 | 5.7% | 0.39 |
| No (10) | 0.47 (0.13 to 0.82) | 23.61 | 61.9% | < 0.01 | |
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CI = confidence interval; ERN = error-related negativity; k = number of studies included in the model; SMD = standardized mean difference.
Random models with moderators for ERN studies, except for internalizing comorbidity (fewer than 3 studies).