Results of multiple moderator analyses for Pe
| Pe | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderator | Categories (k) | SMD (95% CI) | Q | I2 | p value |
| Clinical diagnosis group | Child ADHD (7) | −0.39 (−0.70 to −0.08) | 6.04 | 0% | 0.42 |
| Adult ADHD (8) | −0.56 (−1.15 to 0.04) | 28.86 | 76% | < 0.01 | |
| Clinical addiction (5) | −0.15 (−0.66 to 0.36) | 6.81 | 41% | 0.15 | |
| Subclinical addiction (5) | −0.09 (−0.40 to 0.23) | 5.9 | 15% | 0.30 | |
| Other (6) | −0.08 (−0.55 to 0.40) | 6.14 | 35% | 0.19 | |
| Comorbidity | Yes, mixed (4) | −0.23 (−0.85 to 0.40) | 6.59 | 54% | 0.09 |
| Yes, internalizing (2) | – | – | – | – | |
| Yes, externalizing (19) | −0.07 (−0.48 to 0.34) | 9.65 | 48% | 0.09 | |
| No (6) | −0.28 (−0.47 to −0.10) | 23.84 | 24% | 0.16 | |
| Experimental paradigm | Flanker (22) | −0.15 (−0.33 to 0.04) | 36.01 | 42% | 0.02 |
| Go/no-go (9) | −0.53 (−0.92 to −0.15) | 17.14 | 53% | 0.03 | |
| Performance feedback | Yes (20) | −0.16 (−0.34 to 0.02) | 28.40 | 33.1% | 0.08 |
| No (11) | −0.47 (−0.86 to −0.08) | 30.08 | 66.8% | < 0.01 | |
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CI = confidence interval; k = number of studies included in the model; Pe = error positivity; SMD = standardized mean difference.
Random models with moderators for Pe studies, except for internalizing comorbidity (fewer than 3 studies). We performed subsequent analyses to investigate the effect of other midline electrode sites Fz and Cz (Appendix 1, Section 4).