Table 2

Association of sociodemographic, volumetric and clinical characterics with PANSS negative score and persistent negative symptoms at 1-year follow-up: univariate analysis

CharacteristicPANSS negative score at 1 yearp valueEffect size*Persistent negative symptoms at 1 yearp valueEffect size*
Ager = −0.070.69—t = 0.760.45d = 0.08
Sext = 1.950.06d = 0.64χ2 = 0.240.81V = 0.24
 Male18.58 ± 5.68——68.8%——
 Female14.93 ± 5.71——31.2%——
Relative volume
 Left hippocampusr = −0.250.12—t = 1.010.32d = 0.37
 Right hippocampusr = −0.210.19—t = 1.210.23d = 0.44
 Left amygdalar = −0.510.001—t = 2.470.018d = 0.91
 Right amygdalar = −0.310.05—t = 1.830.08d = 0.57
Duration of untreated psychosisr = 0.290.07—t = −1.530.14d = −0.48
Cannabis uset = −1.20.32d = −0.32χ2 = −0.510.62V = 0.21
 Non-user16.21 ± 5.5——43.8%——
 User18.1 ± 6.25——56.2%——
Tobacco user = −0.270.10—t = 1.490.14d = 0.46
Chlorpromazine equivalent at 1 yearr = 0.090.59—t = 0.340.74d = 0.11
Benzodiazepine treatmentt = −1.610.12d = −0.64χ2 = 1.930.17V = 0.41
BDNF, baseliner = −0.40.012—t = 2.930.006d = 1.01
PANSS negative subscale score, baseliner = 0.410.009——
PANSS positive subscale score, baseliner = −0.270.09—t = 1.230.23d = 0.39
CDSS score, baseliner = −0.160.34—t = 0.450.66d = 0.14
GAF score, baseliner = −0.260.12—t = 2.120.07d = 0.72

  • BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CDSS = Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

  • ↵* Cohen d or Cramer V.