Participant characteristics
| Characteristic | Diffusion tensor imaging (study I)* | Voxel-based morphometry (study II)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 10) | PMDD (n = 57) | Controls (n = 42) | PMDD (n = 89) | |
| Age, yr | 30.30 ± 6.70 | 35.14 ± 6.31§ | 28.00 ± 6.00 | 33.00 ± 7.00§ |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.94 ± 3.11 | 24.45 ± 4.34 | 23.80 ± 3.80 | 24.10 ± 4.00 |
| Total intracranial volume, L | 1.47 ± 0.10 | 1.47 ± 0.10 | 1.52 ± 0.11 | 1.50 ± 0.10 |
| Menstrual cycle length, d | 27 ± 2 | 28 ± 2 | 28 ± 2 | 28 ± 2 |
| Psychiatric history† | 4 (40.0) | 24 (42.1) | 7 (16.6) | 34 (39.1)¶ |
| Depressive disorder | 3 (75.0) | 18 (75) | 6 (85.7) | 27 (79.4) |
| Anxiety disorder | 1 (25.0) | 6 (25) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (17.6) |
| Eating disorder | 0 (0) | 3 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 4 (11.8) |
| Estradiol, pmol/L‡ | 286.39 ± 210.13 | 414.00 ± 251.37 | 434.50 ± 47.40 | 411.10 ± 239.80 |
| Progesterone, nmol/L‡ | 9.26 ± 15.06 | 21.25 ± 16.06§ | 18.70 ± 15.00 | 21.90 ± 15.30 |
| DRSP, total score§ | NA | 61.67 ± 18.39 | NA | 61.80 ± 18.20 |
DRSP = Daily Record of Severity of Problems; NA = not applicable; PMDD = premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
↵* Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Differences between groups were assessed using the Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables and the Fisher exact test for categorical variables.
↵† The percentage of participants who reported a psychiatric history is based on the full sample; participants could report more than 1 disorder. Percentages for depressive, anxiety and eating disorders is based on the number of participants who reported a psychiatric history. In study II, 2 participants in the PMDD group did not provide information about previous psychiatric disorders.
↵‡ Hormone data were available for a subset of 9 controls and 55 individuals with PMDD in the diffusion tensor imaging study, and 39 controls and 85 individuals with PMDD in the voxel-based morphometry study.
↵§ DRSP scores were available for a subset of 54 individuals with PMDD in the diffusion tensor imaging study, and 55 in the voxel-based morphometry study.
↵¶ Significant group difference at p < 0.05.