Characteristics of included reconsolidation interference studies — healthy samples
| Study | Materials | Propranolol/placebo | Male/ female, % | Age, yr, mean ± SD or SEM | Study protocol | Outcome measures of interest | Primary results of interest | Quality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. randomized | No. analyzed on test day | ||||||||
| Bos et al.38 (2012) | Differential fear conditioning | 15/15 | 15/15 | 33/67 | 21 ± 2.6 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 80 min before reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | SCR and fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus during extinction/ reinstatement on day 3 | Propranolol = placebo on SCR and fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus on day 3 | 4.5 |
| Chalkia et al.37 (2019) | Differential fear conditioning | 15/15 | 15/15 | 27/73 | Propranolol: 22.3 ± 4.33 Placebo: 21.5 ± 2.45 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg post-reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | Fear-potentiated startle and unconditioned stimulus expectancy ratings to conditioned stimulus during extinction on day 3 | Propranolol = placebo on fear-potentiated startle and unconditioned stimulus to conditioned stimulus on day 3 | 4.5 |
| de Quervain et al.39 (2007) | Emotionally valenced word list | 14/14 | 14/14 | 50/50 | 23.9 ± 2.9 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 60 min before long-term memory test 2 wk later: second long-term memory test | Free recall no. of words during second long-term memory test | Propranolol = placebo on free recall of words during second long-term memory test | 3 |
| Kindt et al.40 (2009) | Differential fear conditioning | 20/20 | 20/20 | 28/72 | 20.70 ± 2.4 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 90 min before reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | Fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus during extinction/ reinstatement on day 3 | Propranolol < placebo on fear-conditioned startle on day 3 | 3 |
| Kroes et al.41 (2010) | Emotionally valenced word list | 12/12 | 11/12 | 58/42 | 24.4 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 90 min before reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | % free recall on day 3 | Propranolol < placebo on % free recall on day 3 | 3 |
| Schwabe et al.42 (2012) | Emotionally valenced images | 13/13 | 13/13 | 50/50 | 18–30 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 90 min before reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | % recognition of images on day 3 | Propranolol < placebo on % recognition of images on day 3 | 2 |
| Sevenster et al.50 (2012) | Differential fear conditioning | 20/20 | 18/18 | 68/32 | 21.1 ± 2.6 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 90 min before reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | SCR, fear-potentiated startle and unconditioned stimulus expectancy ratings to conditioned stimulus during extinction on day 3 | Propranolol < placebo on fear-potentiated startle, but not SCR or unconditioned stimulus expectancy ratings to conditioned stimulus on day 3 | 3 |
| Soeter et al.43 (2010) | Differential fear conditioning | 20/20 | 20/20 | 25/75 | 20.4 ± 3.8 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 90 min before reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | Fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus during extinction/ reinstatement on day 3 | Propranolol < placebo on fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus on day 3 | 4.5 |
| Soeter et al.44 (2012) | Differential fear conditioning | 12/12 | 12/12 | 12/88 | 20.9 ± 3.5 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 90 min before reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | Fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus during extinction/ reinstatement on day 3 | Propranolol < placebo on fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus on day 3 | 4.5 |
| Thomas et al.45 (2017, experiment 1) | Emotional story paradigm | 14/14 | 14/12 | 59/41 | 32.6 ± 11.7 | Week 1: learning Week 2: 0.67 mg/ kg, immediately after reactivation Week 3: long-term memory test | % recognition of content of slides at week 3 | Propranolol = placebo on % recognition content of slides at week 3 | 4.5 |
| Thomas et al.45 (2017, experiment 2) | Emotional story paradigm | 18/16 | 17/16 | 31/69 | 25.4 ± 7.8 | Week 1: learning Week 2: 0.67 mg/kg, 60–75 min before reactivation Week 3: long-term memory test | % recognition of content of slides at week 3 | Propranolol < placebo on % recognition content of slides at week 3 | 4.5 |
| Thome et al.46 (2016) | Differential fear conditioning | 20/20 | 20/19 | 0/100 | Propranolol: 25.5 ± 3.71 Placebo: 23.9 ± 3.1 | Day 1: learning Day 2: 40 mg 5 min post-reactivation Day 3: long-term memory test | Fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus during extinction on day 3 | Propranolol = placebo on fear-potentiated startle to conditioned stimulus on day 3 | 3.5 |
| Tollenaar et al.47 (2009) | Emotionally valenced word list | 26/27 | 26/27 | 100/0 | Propranolol: 20.6 ± 2.1 Placebo: 19.5 ± 1.4 | Week 1: learning Week 2: 80 mg 75 min before reactivation Week 3: long-term memory test | % recognition of words in week 3 | Propranolol = placebo on % recognition of words at week 3 | 4.5 |
| Tollenaar et al.48 (2009) | Script-driven imagery | 27/26 | 27/26 | 100/0 | Propranolol: 20.7 ± 2.2 Placebo: 19.5 ± 1.4 | Week 1: script preparation Week 2: 80 mg 90 min before reactivation Week 3: heart rate and SCR to script | Heart rate and SCR at week 3 | Propranolol = placebo on % recognition of words at week 3 | 4 |
SCR = skin conductance response; SD = standard deviation; SEM = standard error of the mean.