Baseline participant characteristics
| Characteristic | cTBS* n = 41 | 1 Hz rTMS* n = 40 | Sham* n = 39 | Control* n = 30 | F/χ2 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 45.2 ± 11.8 | 46.0 ± 10.6 | 44.3 ± 11.4 | 42.4 ± 10.0 | 0.66 | 0.58 |
| Male | 18 (43.9) | 14 (35.0) | 13 (33.3) | 7 (23.3) | 3.28 | 0.35 |
| Employed | 28 (68.3) | 25 (62.5) | 31 (79.5) | 24 (80.0) | 4.11 | 0.25 |
| Education, yr | 15 ± 2.6 | 15.7 ± 2.3 | 16.0 ± 2.3 | 15.4 ± 2.5 | 1.33 | 0.27 |
| Left-handed | 2 (4.8) | 3 (7.5) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (6.7) | 1.09 | 0.78 |
| Duration of illness, yr | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | – | 1.44 | 0.24 |
| Taking medication | 22 (53.6) | 22 (55.0) | 21 (53.8) | – | 0.02 | 0.99 |
| CGI-S score | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | – | 1.31 | 0.27 |
| HAM-A score | 21.2 ± 4.7 | 21.7 ± 4.5 | 20.7 ± 4.1 | – | 0.47 | 0.63 |
| HAM-D-17 score | 10.3 ± 3.0 | 9.9 ± 2.8 | 9.1 ± 2.6 | – | 1.79 | 0.17 |
| α power, μV2 | 18.7 ± 13.0 | 16.2 ± 13.1 | 16.8 ± 9.6 | 21.8 ± 13.1 | 1.45 | 0.23 |
| α frequency, Hz | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 0.5 | 10.1 ± 0.4 | 30.3 | < 0.001 |
CGI-S = Clinical Global Impression–Severity; cTBS = continuous theta burst stimulation; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D-17 = 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
↵* Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%).