Changes in primary and secondary outcomes from baseline to 1-month follow-up
| Outcome | cTBS* n = 41 | 1 Hz rTMS* n = 40 | Sham* n = 39 | Between-group pair-wise comparisons, adjusted mean difference (95 % Cl) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TBS v. TMS | TBS v. sham | TMS v. sham | |||||
| HAM-A score | Baseline | 21.2 ± 4.7 | 21.7 ± 4.5 | 20.7 ± 4.1 | −0.7 (−2.0 to 0.48) | −0.1 (−1.3 to 1.0) | 0.6 (−0.6 to 1.8) |
| Post-treatment | 10.6 ± 3.1 | 12.0 ± 2.9 | 20.4 ± 4.4 | −1.8 (−3.2 to −0.5)‡ | −10.3 (−11.6 to −9.0)§ | −8.4 (−9.8 to −7.1)§ | |
| 1-month follow-up | 8.3 ± 2.5 | 11.1 ± 3.0 | 20.0 ± 4.0 | −3.0 (−4.4 to −1.6)§ | −12.2 (−13.7 to −10.6)§ | −9.1 (−10.6 to −7.6)§ | |
| Response | Post-treatment | 22 (53.7) | 14 (35) | 1 (2.6) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5)‡ | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.8)§ | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5)§ |
| 1-month follow-up | 26 (63.4) | 15 (37.5) | 0 (0) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6)§ | 0.9 (0.9 to 1.0)§ | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7)§ | |
| Remission | Post-treatment | 8 (19.5) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3)‡ | 0.1 (−0.02 to 0.1) |
| 1-month follow-up | 14 (34.1) | 4 (10) | 0 (0) | 0.2 (0.04 to 0.5)† | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.5)§ | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2)† | |
| HAM-D-17 | Baseline | 10.3 ± 3.0 | 9.9 ± 2.8 | 9.1 ± 2.6 | 0.3 (−1.1 to 1.7) | 0.7 (−0.5 to 2.0) | 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.7) |
| Post-treatment | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 7.3 ± 2.4 | 8.9 ± 2.4 | −2.1 (−3.2 to −0.9)§ | −3.8 (−4.8 to −2.8)§ | −1.7 (−2.8 to −0.6)§ | |
| 1-month follow-up | 5.0 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 8.8 ± 2.1 | −2.1 (−3.2 to −1.1)§ | −4.1 (−5.0 to −3.3)§ | −2.0 (−3.0 to −1.0)§ | |
| α power | Baseline | 18.7 ± 13.0 | 16.2 ± 13.1 | 16.8 ± 9.6 | 2.2 (−4.1 to 8.8) | 2.3 (−4.3 to 8.7) | −0.1 (−6.7 to 6.5) |
| Post-treatment | 22.1 ± 15.0 | 18.7 ± 14.7 | 16.5 ± 10.0 | 3.2 (−3.4 to 9.9) | 3.9 (−2.3 to 10.2) | 3.2 (−3.6 to 10.2) | |
| 1-month follow-up | 21.8 ± 14.4 | 16.9 ± 13.6 | 14.4 ± 9.2 | 5.6 (−1.4 to 12.8) | 9.3 (2.8 to 15.7)‡ | 3.6 (−2.7 to 10.0) | |
| α frequency | Baseline | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 0.5 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3) |
| Post-treatment | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 9.0 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.7)§ | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8)§ | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3) | |
| 1-month follow-up | 9.9 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 9.0 ± 0.5 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.0)§ | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1)§ | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | |
CI = confidence interval; cTBS = continuous theta burst stimulation; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D-17 = 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
↵* Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%).
↵† p < 0.05.
↵‡ p < 0.01.
↵§ p < 0.001.