Summary and group comparisons of outcomes
| Measure | Outcome | ADHD | TDC | t (pFDR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spectroscopy | SMA GABA, i.u. | 2.72 ± 0.35 (n = 20) | 2.55 ± 0.24 (n = 21) | 1.8 (p = 0.06) |
| SMA Glx, i.u. | 11.97 ± 1.04 (n = 26) | 11.90 ± 1.15 (n = 25) | 0.2 (p = 0.56) | |
| M1 GABA, i.u. | 2.84 ± 0.32 (n = 19) | 2.83 ± 0.41 (n = 23) | 0.1 (p = 0.56) | |
| M1 Glx, i.u. | 8.64 ± 1.00 (n = 24) | 9.35 ± 1.29 (n = 23) | −2.0 (p = 0.044)* | |
| Motor mapping | RMT, % stimulator output | 66.7 ± 16.0 (n = 25) | 78.3 ± 12.6 (n = 17) | −2.4 (p = 0.029)* |
| Area, mm2 | 848 ± 308 (n = 23) | 1078 ± 364 (n = 14) | −2.1 (p = 0.044)* | |
| Hotspot density, log | 0.14 ± 0.08 (n = 23) | 0.07 ± 0.03 (n = 14) | 3.2 (p = 0.008)* |
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FDR = false discovery rate; GABA = γ-aminobutyric acid; Glx = glutamate + glutamine; i.u. = institutional units; M1 = primary motor area of dominant hand; RMT = resting motor threshold; SMA = supplementary motor area; TDC = typically developing children.
↵* p < 0.05 difference between groups.