Table 2

Subgroup analysis of factors affecting therapeutic benefits of NF for symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and global symptoms in individuals with ADHD (Hedges g)

Symptom; group	Distal rater						Most proximal rater

	n	g^*	95 % CI	Z	Q^†	p value^‡	n	g^*	95 % CI	Z	Q^†	p value^‡
Inattention
EEG-NF
SCP	3	0.26	−0.08 to 0.60	1.52	1.47	0.04	3	0.06	−0.54 to 0.65	0.19	3.68	0.001
θ/β (or SMR) ratio	7	0.11	−0.08 to 0.31	1.17			12	0.22	−0.07 to 0.51	1.47
Combining 2 protocols	3	0.53	−0.23 to 1.29	1.38			3	0.58	0.26 to 0.91	3.50^§
Control
TAU/wait list	5	0.39	0.08 to 0.69	2.45^§	1.77	0.03	8	0.51	0.26 to 0.76	4.00^§	7.87^§	0.004
Sham/placebo NF	2	0.08	−0.19 to 0.39	0.65			3	−0.03	−0.31 to 0.25	−0.19
Hyperactivity/impulsivity
EEG-NF
SCP	3	0.11	−0.12 to 0.33	0.93	0.25	0.10	3	0.05	−0.30 to 0.40	0.29	1.21	0.03
θ/β (or SMR) ratio	7	0.11	−0.13 to 0.34	0.91			9	0.14	−0.04 to 0.32	1.51
Combining 2 protocols	2	0.21	−0.16 to 0.58	1.13			3	0.31	−0.02 to 0.63	1.86
Control
TAU/wait list	4	−0.16	−0.39 to 0.72	0.58	0.14	0.60	4	0.26	−0.01 to 0.54	1.88	0.23	0.03
Sham/placebo NF	2	0.04	−0.25 to 0.34	0.30			3	0.17	−0.11 to 0.45	1.17
Global
EEG-NF
SCP	3	0.16	−0.09 to 0.41	1.28	0.16	0.04	4	0.23	−0.16 to 0.62	1.17	1.59	0.003
θ/β (or SMR) ratio	6	0.21	−0.011 to 0.52	1.29			7	0.22	−0.09 to 0.53	1.39
Combining 2 protocols	2	0.28	−0.26 to 0.82	1.01			2	0.51	0.14 to 0.88	2.70^§
Control
TAU/wait list	4	0.17	−0.04 to 0.38	1.58	0.52	0.15	4	0.44	0.15 to 0.73	3.01^§	2.42	0.01
Sham/placebo NF	2	0.04	−0.25 to 0.33	0.26			2	0.12	−0.18 to 0.41	0.78

ADHD = attention-deficit/hypheractivity disorder; CI = confidence interval; EEG-NF = electroencephalographic biofeedback; NF = neurofeedback; SCP = slow cortical potential; SMR = sensorimotor rhythm; TAU = treatment as usual.
↵* According to the random effects model.
↵† Cochran Q for assessing heterogeneity based on random effects analysis.
↵‡ Significance of difference in effect sizes between subgroups.
↵§ p < 0.05.