Table 2:

Main characteristics of the studies included in the network meta-analysis (part 1 of 2)

Author (year)No. participants (female)Participant age, yAge at onset, yIllness duration, yMean no. of episodesScore of severity (scale type)Medication statusSubstance misuseMRI field strength, subfield segmentationStudy design
PatientsHealthy controlsp for sexPatientsHealthy controlsp for age
Ho et al.16 (2017)155 (49)79 (28)0.6632.531.20.3025.96.6NA40.6 (PANSS)CPZ-eq: 212.32 ± 191.25 mg/dNo substance misuse 3 mo preceding the study3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3)Cross-sectional design; case–control; longitudinal in a subcohort; multisite
46 (10)46 (10)> 0.9942.941.90.6124.518.2NA81.6 (PANSS)CPZ-eq: 532.45 ± 447.16 mg/d
Zheng et al.41 (2019)69 (11)72 (21)0.0637.735.90.046NANANANANANA3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control
du Plessis et al.33 (2020)79 (21)82 (35)0.0323.023.00.9722.36*0.64First-episode schizophrenia91.27 (PANSS)Treated ≤ 1 moFirst-episode schizophrenia: 35 (44%)
Controls: 22 (27%)
3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort
Nakahara et al.35 (2020)176 (44)173 (50)0.3938.937.60.2721.917.1NA57.9 (PANSS)CPZ-eq: 372 ± 390 mg/d (n = 144)None3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control; multisite
Ohi et al.36 (2021)138 (83)162 (54)< 0.0542.036.7< 0.0526.216.3NA33.9 (PANSS positive symptoms and PANSS negative symptoms)CPZ-eq: 519.0 ± 524.0 mg/dNA3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control
Sasabayashi et al.37 (2021)77 (38)87 (41)> 0.0528.826.3< 0.0522.85.6NA68.7 (PANSS)HPD-eq: 10.6 ± 8.3 mg/d (n = 65)None3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort
Xiu et al.38 (2021)39 (23)30 (17)0.8528.927.50.5426.95*1.95First-episode schizophrenia44.5 (MCCB)All naiveNone3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3)Cross-sectional design; case–control
Cao et al.31 (2017)86 (60)152 (96)> 0.0541.235.4< 0.0532.3*8.9310.5 (HDRS-17)On medication: 4Drug use disorder < 101.5 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 5.3)Cross-sectional design; case–control
Doolin et al.32 (2018)74 (47)37 (19)> 0.0532.930.9> 0.05NANAFirst-episode MDD (n = 39) > 1 (n = 35)23.46 (HDRS-17)On medication: 47 Medication-free: 27NA3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control; cohort;
Maller et al.20 (2018)182 (95)68 (34)> 0.0533.029.60.04822.2*10.89.621.36 (HDRS-17)All naive or with a washout period ≥ 5 half-livesNA3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Open-label trial
Na et al.34 (2018)47 (47)30 (30)> 0.0545.343.00.4140.6*4.7NA12.9 (HDRS-17)On medication: 35NA3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control; genes
Xu et al.39 (2018)15 (15)12 (12)> 0.0534.634.10.51NANANA33.13 (HDRS-24)NANone3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control
Han et al.21 (2019)102 (60)135 (78)> 0.0536.036.0> 0.0532.3*3.7First-episode MDD (n = 25) > 1 (n = 77)13.93 (HDRS-17)On medication: mostNone3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control
Roddy et al.70 (2019)80 (57)83 (49)0.1434.531.50.1332.1*2.4First-episode MDD (n = 43) > 1 (n = 37)22.2 (HDRS-17)NANone3.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control
Yuan et al.40 (2020)41 (24)44 (26)0.9634.833.30.5418.3*16.5§< 3 (n = 18), ≥ 3 (n = 13)18.3 (HDRS-17)Naive: 16 Untreated ≥ 3 w: 25MDD with drug use disorder: 17 MDD without drug use disorder: 243.0 T, automatic (FreeSurfer 6.0)Cross-sectional design; case–control
  • CPZ-eq = chlorpromazine equivalent; HDRS-17 or -24 = 17- or 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HPD-eq = haloperidol equivalent; MCCB = MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; MDD = major depressive disorder; NA = not available; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

  • * Determined based on the difference between patient mean age and illness duration.

  • Inferred based on the results of the corresponding analysis of variance or χ2 test.

  • Median.

  • § One participant lacked information on illness duration.

  • Ten participants lacked information on number of prior episodes.