Variable | Controls | Individuals with ARMS | Patients with FEP | Group comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | Statistic | p value | |
Total no. of participants | 31 | 23 | 26 | |||||
Age, yr | 30 | 22.57 ± 3.68 | 23 | 21.22 ± 3.40 | 25 | 24.56 ± 4.67 | F2,75 = 4.38* | 0.016 |
Gender | χ22 = 8.06† | 0.018 | ||||||
Female | 14 | 6 | 3 | |||||
Male | 16 | 17 | 22 | |||||
Antipsychotic medication | χ22 = 43.43† | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 0 | 2 | 19 | |||||
No | 29 | 21 | 7 | |||||
Clinical measures‡ | ||||||||
WASI | 27 | 30.52 ± 3.39 | 18 | 27.56 ± 4.71 | 21 | 28.48 ± 5.11 | F2,63 = 2.77* | 0.070 |
CAARMS intensity and frequency | 26 | 5.46 ± 3.84 | 21 | 29.52 ± 6.71 | 24 | 33.67 ± 6.23 | H2 = 51.28§ | < 0.001 |
SPQ | 29 | 8.21 ± 6.34 | 21 | 35.43 ± 12.10 | 23 | 34.22 ± 19.60 | H2 = 37.70§ | < 0.001 |
PANSS positive | NA | NA | 21 | 16.86 ± 2.78 | 22 | 21.27 ± 6.22 | t29.36 = −3.03¶ | 0.005 |
PANSS negative | NA | NA | 21 | 14.48 ± 5.95 | 22 | 14.82 ± 7.37 | W = 239.5** | 0.845 |
CAPS | NA | NA | 21 | 11.62 ± 7.26 | 22 | 11.45 ± 9.43 | W = 235.5** | 0.922 |
PDI | NA | NA | 21 | 7.76 (4.39) | 22 | 9.14 (5.69) | t39.31 = −0.89¶ | 0.380 |
MFQ | NA | NA | 21 | 29.67 (15.04) | 24 | 31.00 (26.32) | W = 269.5** | 0.699 |
ARMS = at-risk mental state, CAARMS = Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (excluding 2 items on aggression and suicidality), CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, FEP = first-episode psychosis, MFQ = Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, NA = not applicable, PANSS = Positive And Negative Symptoms Scale, PDI = Peters et al. Delusions Inventory, SD = standard deviation, SPQ = Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.
↵* Calculated using 1-way analysis of variance.
↵† Calculated using the Pearson χ2 test.
↵‡ Scores ranged as follows: CAARMS 0–48, SPQ 0–74, PANSS positive 7–49, PANSS negative 7–49, CAPS 0–32, PDI 0–21, MFQ 0–66.
↵§ Calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test.
↵¶ Calculated using the Welch t test.
↵** Calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.