Table 1

Summary demographic information and clinical measures by group

Variable	Controls		Individuals with ARMS		Patients with FEP		Group comparison

	n	Mean ± SD	n	Mean ± SD	n	Mean ± SD	Statistic	p value
Total no. of participants	31		23		26
Age, yr	30	22.57 ± 3.68	23	21.22 ± 3.40	25	24.56 ± 4.67	F_2,75 = 4.38^*	0.016
Gender							χ2₂ = 8.06^†	0.018
Female	14		6		3
Male	16		17		22
Antipsychotic medication							χ2₂ = 43.43^†	< 0.001
Yes	0		2		19
No	29		21		7
Clinical measures^‡
WASI	27	30.52 ± 3.39	18	27.56 ± 4.71	21	28.48 ± 5.11	F_2,63 = 2.77^*	0.070
CAARMS intensity and frequency	26	5.46 ± 3.84	21	29.52 ± 6.71	24	33.67 ± 6.23	H₂ = 51.28^§	< 0.001
SPQ	29	8.21 ± 6.34	21	35.43 ± 12.10	23	34.22 ± 19.60	H₂ = 37.70^§	< 0.001
PANSS positive	NA	NA	21	16.86 ± 2.78	22	21.27 ± 6.22	t_29.36 = −3.03^¶	0.005
PANSS negative	NA	NA	21	14.48 ± 5.95	22	14.82 ± 7.37	W = 239.5^**	0.845
CAPS	NA	NA	21	11.62 ± 7.26	22	11.45 ± 9.43	W = 235.5^**	0.922
PDI	NA	NA	21	7.76 (4.39)	22	9.14 (5.69)	t_39.31 = −0.89^¶	0.380
MFQ	NA	NA	21	29.67 (15.04)	24	31.00 (26.32)	W = 269.5^**	0.699

ARMS = at-risk mental state, CAARMS = Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (excluding 2 items on aggression and suicidality), CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, FEP = first-episode psychosis, MFQ = Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, NA = not applicable, PANSS = Positive And Negative Symptoms Scale, PDI = Peters et al. Delusions Inventory, SD = standard deviation, SPQ = Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.
↵* Calculated using 1-way analysis of variance.
↵† Calculated using the Pearson χ² test.
↵‡ Scores ranged as follows: CAARMS 0–48, SPQ 0–74, PANSS positive 7–49, PANSS negative 7–49, CAPS 0–32, PDI 0–21, MFQ 0–66.
↵§ Calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test.
↵¶ Calculated using the Welch t test.
↵** Calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.