Demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | Participant group; mean ± SD* | Test† | Test value | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia n = 34 | MDD n = 36 | Healthy controls n = 34 | ||||
| Age, yr | 38.6 ± 10.1 | 39.11 ± 13.20 | 32.9 ± 7.70 | F | F = 3.60 | 0.030 |
| Sex | f: 16 / m: 18 | f: 22 / m: 14 | f: 17 / m: 17 | χ2 | χ2 = 3.9 | 0.42 |
| Schooling, yr | 10.7 ± 2.0 | 12.1 ± 2.9 | 12.4 ± 2.5 | F | F = 4.4 | 0.015 |
| BMI | 28.40 ± 5.66 | 28.1 ± 8.28 | 24.7 ± 3.52 | F | F = 3.7 | 0.029 |
| Smoking, n | Yes: 20 / No: 14 | Yes: 13 / No: 23 | Yes: 4 / No: 30 | χ2 | χ2 = 16.40 | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol use, n | Yes: 5 / No: 29 | Yes: 5 / No: 31 | Yes: 7 / No: 27 | χ2 | χ2 = 0.082 | 0.77 |
| BDI-II | 19.9 ± 12.80 | 32.0 ± 10.80 | 2.5 ± 3.9 | H | H = 63.7 | < 0.001 |
| HDRS | 11.9 ± 8.3 | 12.1 ± 6.1 | 2.5 ± 4.0 | H | H = 60.2 | < 0.001 |
| CTQ | 48.3 ± 16.4 | 41.2 ± 17.1 | 29.4 ± 4.0 | H | H = 24.9 | < 0.001 |
| BAI | 16.58 ± 13.94 | 18.75 ± 10.51 | 2.88 ± 4.48 | H | H = 41.0 | < 0.001 |
| STAI state | 42.58 ± 7.17 | 40.20 ± 5.06 | 44.59 ± 4.33 | H | H = 8.0 | 0.018 |
| STAI trait | 47.00 ± 7.07 | 49.20 ± 5.35 | 42.38 ± 4.72 | H | H = 18.5 | < 0.001 |
| PSQI | 7.84 ± 3.40 | 10.00 ± 4.00 | 4.59 ± 2.77 | H | H = 31.9 | < 0.001 |
| LEQ | 8.09 ± 5.15 | 6.47 ± 5.28 | 6.47 ± 3.12 | H | H = 2.7 | 0.26 |
| WSAS | 22.48 ± 11.24 | 27.93 ± 7.76 | 3.68 ± 5.80 | H | H = 55.4 | < 0.001 |
| PANSS | ||||||
| Score | 51.6 ± 10.1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Positive | 11.7 ± 3.3 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Negative | 13.1 ± 3.7 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Medication | None: n = 1 | None: n = 8 | ||||
| Risperidone: n = 6 | SSRI: n = 8 | |||||
| Olanzapine: n = 7 | SNRI: n = 15 | |||||
| Clozapine: n = 1 | Tric: n = 1 | |||||
| Quetiapine: n = 2 | Others: n = 4 | |||||
| Partial agonist: n = 2 | ||||||
| Combined: n = 15 | ||||||
| Olanzapine equivalents | ||||||
| 20.8 ± 13.9 | ||||||
BAI = Beck’s Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II; “Combined” = clozapine+aripiprazole, clozapine+risperidone, olanzapine+aripiprazole, olanzapine+risperidone; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; HDRS = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; LEQ = Life Event Questionnaire; MDD = major depressive disorder; “Others” = bupropion (n = 2), agomelatine (n = 1), trazodone (n = 1); PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD = standard deviation; SNRI = serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; STAI = State–Trait Anxiety Inventory; Tric = tricyclic antidepressants; WSAS = Work and Social Adjustment Scale.
↵* Except where indicated otherwise.
↵† For normally distributed values, ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) was used (F test). For nonparametric values, such as BDI-II and HDRS results, nonparametric (Kruskal–Wallis) tests were used. For sex, smoking and alcohol use, χ2 tests were used.