Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
| Characteristic | No. (%) of participants* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FES n = 53 | BD n = 30 | MDD n = 25 | HC n = 82 | Total n = 190 | F/χ2 | p value | |
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 24.91 ± 7.07 | 27.10 ± 9.24 | 32.16 ± 11.15 | 28.11 ± 8.32 | 27.59 ± 8.79 | 4.23 | 0.006 |
| Education, yr, mean ± SD | 12.54 ± 3.24 | 12.83 ± 2.99 | 13.28 ± 2.70 | 14.17 ± 2.98 | 13.39 ± 3.08 | 3.55 | 0.015 |
| IQ, mean ± SD | 99.33 ± 12.69 | 97.97 ± 11.89 | 106.2 ± 14.72 | 111.57 ± 14.49 | 105.66 ± 14.85 | 10.85 | < 0.001 |
| Duration of illness, mo, mean ± SD | 28.45 ± 27.11 | 61.27 ± 55.66 | 54.76 ± 50.69 | NA | 43.66 ± 44.76 | 6.82 | 0.002 |
| Sex, male | 28 (52.8) | 21 (70) | 8 (32) | 41 (50) | 98 (51.6) | 8.02 | 0.045 |
| Family history | 10 (18.86) | 9 (30) | 3 (12) | NA | 22 (11.6) | 2.82 | 0.25 |
| Smoking | 5 (9.4) | 3 (10) | 2 (8) | 18 (21.9) | 28 (14.7) | 6.02 | 0.11 |
| Married | 8 (15.1) | 7 (23.3) | 10 (40) | 24 (29.3) | 49 (25.8) | 6.42 | 0.093 |
| Unemployed | 19 (36.6) | 11 (36.7) | 12 (48) | 5 (6.1) | 47 (24.7) | 28.3 | < 0.001 |
| Living alone | 2 (3.8) | 3 (10) | 1 (4) | 9 (11.9) | 15 (7.9) | 3.01 | 0.39 |
| Medications | 35 (66) | 27 (90) | 22 (88) | NA | – | – | – |
| Antipsychotics | 35 (100) | 22 (81.5) | 7 (31.8) | NA | – | – | – |
| Mood stabilizers | 2 (5.7) | 25 (92.6) | 1 (4.5) | NA | – | – | – |
| Antidepressants | 4 (11.4) | 7 (25.9) | 20 (90.9) | NA | – | – | – |
| YMRS, total, mean ± SD | NA | 3.27 ± 4.19 | 1.32 ± 2.17 | 0.90 ± 1.71 | 1.86 ± 3.09 | 5.46 | 0.006 |
| HAMD, total, mean ± SD | NA | 7.27 ± 9.09 | 9.48 ± 7.63 | 0.33 ± 1.15 | 5.47 ± 7.81 | 13.79 | < 0.001 |
| HAMA, total, mean ± SD | NA | 5.67 ± 8.24 | 11.24 ± 14.90 | 0.50 ± 1.19 | 5.48 ± 10.30 | 8.79 | < 0.001 |
| PANSS | |||||||
| Positive, mean ± SD | 23.21 ± 5.67 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Negative, mean ± SD | 20.96 ± 7.67 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| General, mean ± SD | 41.81 ± 6.66 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Total, mean ± SD | 84.45 ± 14.58 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
BD = bipolar disorder; FES = first-episode schizophrenia; HAMA = Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HAMD = Hamilton Depression Scale; HC = healthy control; IQ = intelligence quotient; MDD = major depressive disorder; NA = not applicable; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SD = standard deviation; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.